Flight INstruments Flashcards
Pitot-static System
Instruments?
Air Sources?
Instruments
•Altimeter
•Vertical Speed Indicator
•Airspeed Indicator
Air Sources •Pitot Tube -Ram/Dynamic Pressure •Static Port =Static Air
Do Glass Aircraft do have pitot-static systems?
What lines are connected to the ADC and what does ADC mean?
What else is it connected along with?
Yes
•The pitot line and static line are connected to the Air Data Computer (ADC)
oAlong with the OAT
Altimeter
What is inside?
What are the markings?
What is the window called?
Aneroid wafer = sealed capsule of air. Shows indication or climb of altitude on face of the instrument.
Markings •Hundreds •Thousands •Ten Thousands •Kollsman Window
Types of Altitude
Indicated Altitude – read right off the instrument
Absolute Altitude – height above ground (AGL)
True Altitude – height above sea level (MSL)
Pressure Altitude – height above standard datum plane of 29.92” Hg
Density Altitude – pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature (15°C)
91.121 Altimeter Settings
Below 18,000 MSL
- Current reported altimeter setting within 100 nm of the aircraft
- If no setting is available upon departure, the elevation of the departure airport may be set in to the altimeter
At and above 18,000 MSL
•All aircraft set altimeters to 29.92
Altimeter Malfunctions (1)
Blocked Static Port
•Solution – Alternate Static Source
Vertical Speed Indicator - Components
- Diaphragm
- Calibrated Leak
- Direct Static Pressure
Vertical Speed Indicator
As the altitude changes, pressure changes
Air in the diaphragm and case want to equalize with outside pressure
Diaphragm equalizes same rate as outside pressure
Case is restricted to equalizing by the
Calibrated Leak
This restriction allows the rate of climb or descent to be measured and is indicated on the face of the instrument
Vertical Speed Indicator Errors (1)
Static Blockage •Solution – Alternate Static Source Indication Lag •Allow 6-9 seconds to stabalize •Due to Calibrate Leak
Airspeed Indicator - System and Operation
- Only pitot-static instrument that uses both the static port and pitot tube
- Speed increases, ram air moves into pitot tube and expands diaphragm
- Static Port maintains ambient pressure in case
Airspeed Indicator Markings
White Arc?
Green Arc?
Yellow Arc?
Red Line?
White Arc – Flap Operating Range
•Vso to Vfe
Green Arc – Normal Operating Range
•Vs to Vno
Yellow Arc – Caution Range
•Vno to Vne
Red Line
•Vne
Types of Airspeeds
Indicated Airspeed (IAS) – read directly off instrument
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) – IAS corrected for installation and position errors
True Airspeed (TAS) – CAS corrected for non-standard pressure and temperature and pressure
Ground Speed
Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions
3
Blocked Pitot Tube
Blocked Static Port
Blocked Drain Hole (drain hole allows excess water out)
•Solutions
oPitot Heat
oAlternate Static Source
Gyroscopic Instruments
Instruments? (3)
Vacuum Systems? (2)
Instruments
•Attitude Indicator
•Heading Indicator
•Turn Coordinator
Vacuum Systems
•Engine Driven
•Electrically Driven
G1000
Do glass aircraft have gyroscopic instruments?
What sensors replace conventional systems?
What reference system is included?
Does the c172 have a backup ?
Glass Aircraft do have gyroscopic instruments
•Accelerometers and Rate Sensors replace conventional systems
oAttitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS)
C172 does have a backup vacuum standby attitude indicator
Principles of Operation
What are the two principles and what do they mean?
What banks are available?
Rigidity in Space
•When rotating at a high rate the gyro will maintain its orientation in space
Gyroscopic Procession
•A force applied to the gyro will react 90 degrees ahead of the rotation
Attitude Indicator is based on rigidity in space, gyro connected to the face of the attitude indicator and the airplane moves. Gyro does not move however.
10-20-30-45-90 degree banks available.
Heading Indicator Information
When do you reset and why?
Limitation?
Is heading Indicator information connected to magnetic sources?
- Need to reset heading every 15 minutes
- Due to friction of moving parts
Limitation:
•55 degrees pitch and bank
*not connected to any magnetic source
Turn Coordinator - Components (2)
•Airplane
•Inclinometer
-Electrically Driven
Gimbal is canted (30 pitch up) to allow instrument to sense both rate of turn and rate of roll
Inclinometer
- Depicts aircraft yaw (side to side movement)
- Step on the ball (brick) to correct
*works off of gyroscopic procession
Types of Turn Indications
What is a slip?
What is a skid?
What is a coordinated turn?
Slipping Turn - Inside of Turn
Horizontal component is greater than centrifugal component.
Skidding Turn - Outside of Turn
Centrifugal component is greater than Horizontal component.
Coordinated Turn - Inside of Balanced Turn Indication
Magnetic Dip (Magnetic Compass)
What causes magnetic dip and where is it’s effect greatest?
Which direction does it dip to?
When is it more pronounced?
Areas of Magnetic Flux point toward the ground near the poles
As a result, Magnetic Compass magnets dip to the low side of the turn
More pronounced closer to the magnetic poles
*Dip is an error
Magnetic Compass Errors (DIP)
Acceleration Error (ANDS) -
EW HEADINGS:
Accelerate and the counter-weight falls back and shows a turn north on main screen.
Decelerate and weight falls forward and shows a turn to the south.
(ACCELERATE NORTH DECELERATE SOUTH)
Northerly Turning Error (UNOS)
NS HEADINGS:
North Seeking Magnet shows accelerating turn, so you must undershoot. From South, we have to undershoot because it is lagging and must overshoot.
(UNDERSHOOT NORTH OVERSHOOT SOUTH)
10 degrees tends to work.
Oscillation Error- Erratic movement of the compass due to turbulence
Magnetic Variation
Angular difference between True North and Magnetic North
•Agonic Line – Line where angular difference is zero (equal)
•Isogonic Line – Lines depicting angular difference
*comes into factors for cross-countries
Magnetic Deviation
Magnetic disturbance created by the aircraft and the operation of electronics.
Compass Card is required for flight
Technically Advanced Aircraft (4)
What is revisionary mode, where is it, and what does it do?
G1000
Avidyne
Primary Flight Display – PFD
Multi-Function Display - MFD
On Audio panel, it is called revisionary mode. if PFD Fails, the system automatically goes to MFD to provide essential information. *If system fails press revisionary and it moves all information to PFD
Attitude Heading and Reference System (AHRS) (3)
What does it provide information on?
What is connected to this system?
Where is it located?
- Provides pitch, bank, and yaw
- Magnetometer is connected to this system
- Located in the tail cone
Magnetometer
What does it do, what information does it tell us, and where is it located.
- Senses the earth’s magnetic field information
- Determines aircraft magnetic heading
- Located in the left wing of the C172
Air Data Computer (ADC)
What does it provide, where is it located?
•Provides pitot-static information
oAirspeed, altitude, vertical speed
*also helps determine wind
Located up front*
Compass Errors - ALL TYPES
What does ANDS mean?
What does UNOS mean?
What other errors are there?
Magnetic Dip
- ANDS
- UNOS
Oscillation Error
Magnetic Variation
Magnetic Deviation
Oscillation Error
Erratic movement of the compass due to turbulence
