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A320 Knowledge > Flight Control Laws -1stepprep > Flashcards

Flight Control Laws -1stepprep Flashcards

1
Q

What is a flight control law?

A

A set of rules by which flight controls are governed

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2
Q

What are the 4 flight control laws?

A
  1. Normal Law
  2. Alternate Law
  3. Direct Law
  4. Abnormal Attitude law
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3
Q

Is Mechanical Backup a flight control law?

A

No

Its the absence of a law

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4
Q

How many flight control computers?

A

7

2 x FAC’s
2 x ELAC’s
3 x SEC’s

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5
Q

What does SEC 3 control?

A

SEC 3 only controls spoilers

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6
Q

What is the flight envelope in normal law?

A

30 deg NU
15 deg ND
67 deg L/R

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7
Q

How do you know you’re in normal law?

A

Green equal signs on the PFD at the flight envelope limits

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8
Q

What are the 5 protections in normal law?

A

1 . High Speed

  1. Pitch
  2. Roll
  3. G-load
  4. High Alpha
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9
Q

When will the aural alert occur in high speed protection?

A

At Vmo +4kts

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10
Q

When does high speed protection activate?

A

At Vmo +6kts

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11
Q

What happens when high speed protection activates?

A
  • AP disconnect
  • nose starts pitching up
  • nose down trim inhibited
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12
Q

Can high speed protection be overridden by the pilots?

A

Yes,
will allow override to ~Vmo +15kts in case of TCAS RA.
As approach +15kts sidestick authority diminishes

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13
Q

What is roll protection in normal law?

A

-Cannot bank >67 deg

  • Have positive spiral stability between 33-67 deg
    ie. a/c returns to 33 deg when sidestick released
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14
Q

Will aircraft ever roll to wings level when AoB > 33 deg and sidestick released?

A

Yes,

If high speed protection is active to limit structural load

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15
Q

What is the relevance of 67 deg?

A

= 2.5g in level flight

G-load certification limit figure

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16
Q

In normal law the side stick is commanding…?

A

G-Load

AFT sidestick = +ve G
FWD sidestick =-ve G
Release stick -a/c holds pitch attitude

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17
Q

Normal Law pitch protection

A

30 deg NU

15 deg ND

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18
Q

What are your alpha protections?

A
  1. Alpha Prot
  2. Alpha MAX
  3. Alpha Floor
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19
Q

How is alpha Prot depicted on the PFD?

A

Top of Black and Amber checker bar

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20
Q

What is Alpha Prot?

A

Alpha Prot is the AoA where the FCC’s intervene to prevent stall

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21
Q

What happens at Alpha Prot?

A

ASAP

A oA is commanded by sidestick (normally G-load)

S poilers auto retract

A utopilot disconnects

Pitch Trim inhibited (nose up)

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22
Q

Alpha Max -how do you get there?

A

By continuing to pull fully aft through Alpha Prot

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23
Q

What is Alpha Max?

A

The Maximum AoA the ELAC’s will allow

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24
Q

What happens in Alpha max?

A

The aircraft holds the AoA just below critical stall

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25
Q

Is Alpha Max likely if alpha floor is working?

A

No,

Alpha floor will prevent you from getting to Alpha max

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26
Q

What is Alpha floor?

A

A PREDICTIVE function of the autothrust system to prevent low speed condition (stall)

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27
Q

Do you need to move through Alpha prot and alpha max to get to alpha floor?

A

No

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28
Q

How does alpha floor work?

A

By using the energy computers -the FAC’s

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29
Q

When is alpha floor available?

A
  • autothrust available

- FAC’s available

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30
Q

What does the condition ‘A/THR available mean for alpha floor to be operable?

A

Does not need to be armed or active

Needs to not be:

  • disconnected (A/THR instinctive disconnects pressed and held for >15secs inhibits A/THR for remainder of flight)
  • MEL’d
  • N1 mode
31
Q

What items do the FAC’s give us?

A

YAWL

Y aw -trim (rudder)

     - turn coordination
     - travel limiter (rudder)
     - yaw damper

A irspeed envelope

W indshear alerts -reactive

L ow energy warning

32
Q

When is the Low energy warning available?

A

From 100’ RA -2000’RA, with
Flap 2, 3, Full

@ low speed

33
Q

How do we get into Alternate law?

A

Failure of a system plus a redundancy

Dual failure of:

  1. Hydraulics
  2. ADIRS
  3. FCC’s
  4. Gernerators
  5. FAC 1+2
  6. ELAC 1+2 etc

And, after entering Abnormal Attitude Law

34
Q

How do you know you’re in Alternate Law?

A

Amber crosses on the PFD

ECAM memo: ALT LAW: PROT LOST

35
Q

What do you have in Alternate Law?

A

High/ Low Speed stability

G-load protection

36
Q

What have you lost in Alternate Law?

A

All protections except g-load

37
Q

What is High/Low speed stability

A
  • A recommendation / overrideable
  • Not a protection
  • A/c generates gentle nose pitch up/down moments
38
Q

Can the pilot override High/low speed stability?

A

Yes

39
Q

Is the aircraft capable of stalling in Alternate Law?

A

Yes

40
Q

What are the 3 modes available in normal law?

A
  1. Ground
  2. Flight
  3. Flare
41
Q

Is Flare mode available in alternate law?

A

No -straight to direct law

42
Q

How does the aircraft able to flare once in alternate mode?

A

By the aircraft going into direct law when:

  • landing gear is selected down, and
  • AP OFF
43
Q

What is ground mode?

A

-Pitch and Roll have a direct relationship with sidestick movement

For flight control check and rotation into the air

44
Q

What happens to ground mode once airborne in normal law?

A

transitions to flight mode over 5 secs

45
Q

Why must you wait 5secs after lift off prior to engaging AP?

A

To allow a/c to transition from ground mode to flight mode

mode transition

46
Q

What does the sidestick command in flight mode normal law?

A

Pitch: G-load demand

Roll: commands roll rate

47
Q

What is the roll rate per sec in flight mode normal law with full sidestick L/R?

A

15 deg / sec

48
Q

What does the sidestick command in flight mode alternate law?

A

Pitch -still G-load

Roll is now a direct relationship with control surfaces
not commanding roll rate

49
Q

Flare mode is only available in ….?

A

Normal Law

50
Q

Flare mode:

At 50ft RA…..

A

the ELAC’s memorise the pitch attitude.

the 50ft ELAC snapshot!

51
Q

Flare Mode:

At 30ft RA

A

ELAC’s commands ~2deg ND pitch on memorised attitude over 8 secs

To counteract, the pilot flares aircraft with gentle nose up action

( a typical landing flare is 7 secs)

52
Q

Why does the aircraft go from alternate law into direct law with landing gear down ?

A

So pilots can have a normal feel for landing because flare mode is lost in alternate law

53
Q

How do you know you’re in direct law?

A

Amber USE MAN PITCH TRIM

54
Q

What is Abnormal Attitude Law?

A

If normal design envelope is exceeded (pitch/roll by >2x) quickly or abruptly it gives the pilot control of the aircraft

ie +30/-15/67=+60/-30/134

55
Q

What is the only protection in Abnormal Attitude Law?

A

G-Load protection

So the other protections do not hinder the pilot from recovering the a/c to a normal attitude

56
Q

Once recovered from Abnormal Attitude Law phase, which flight control law will the a/c be in?

A

Alternate Law

But with Landing Flare Mode

So with gear down, stays in alternate law -does not go into direct law

57
Q

What is Mechanical Back up?

A

The absence of all laws

Temporary state

58
Q

How is the a/c controlled in mechanical back up?

A

rudder

pitch trim

differential thrust

59
Q

What are the indications of Mechanical Backup?

A

Aircraft does not respond to sidestick

Amber X’s

Red MAN PITCH TRIM ONLY

No ECAM

60
Q

How is the airspeed envelope generated?

A

By the FAC’s

Speed tape shows approximate speed for Alpha prot / Alpha max

Remember its based on an AoA, speeds are approaximate

61
Q

Predictive function of the A/THR system

Clean wing, 210 kts, downwind, roll in bank, pull back on sidestick, +ve g-loads…..What happens in the event of an agressive decay in speed trend?

A

A/THR commands TOGA to prevent a low energy state.

FMA -A.FLOOR (1st column)

(never got near Alpha prot or Alpha max)
Alpha floor kicked in because it didn’t like what it saw in terms of energy

62
Q

When does TOGA LOCK appear on the FMA

A

Anytime Alpha Floor activates and AoA is reduced

63
Q

How do we get out of TOGA LK?

A

Click the IDP
Instinctive disconnect pb’s

(no need to match the doughnuts)

64
Q

What is another way to get out of TOGA LK

not recommended!

A

Thrust levers to IDLE STOP

65
Q

How do we know we’re in Ground mode?

A

-2 engines running

-PFD L angles in corners
Maltese cross

66
Q

Are there any protections in Direct Law?

A

No

67
Q

Is it possible to have AP functionality in Alternate Law?

A

Yes,

Depends on failure that you have

68
Q

Can we go from Normal Law straight to Direct Law?

A

Yes,

Dual RA Failure

69
Q

How do you know you’re in Abnormal Attitude Law?

A

Amber crosses on PFD

No ECAM memo

70
Q

What does it mean if you have amber x’s on the PFD?

A

You are not in Normal Law!

71
Q

How do you get into Mechanical Backup?

A

Loss of Pitch Control:
ELAC 1+2
SEC 1+2

(not SEC 3 -it only spoilers)

72
Q

How many FCC’s control pitch?

A

4
ELAC 1+2
SEC 1+2

73
Q

What is a better name for the FAC’s

A

RAC’s:
Rudder
AoA
Computer

YAWL

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