FlashcardsChapter12

Question 1

Term

Answer 1

Description

Question 2

Actor/observer discrepancy

Answer 2

People focus on situations to explain their own behavior while focusing on dispositions to explain other people’s behavior. (page 498)

Question 3

Aggression

Answer 3

Any behavior that involves the intention to harm another. (page 482)

Question 4

Altruism

Answer 4

Providing help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so. (page 486)

Question 5

Attitudes

Answer 5

People’s evaluations of objects, of events, or of ideas. (page 490)

Question 6

Attributions

Answer 6

People’s explanations for why events or actions occur. (page 497)

Question 7

Bystander intervention effect

Answer 7

The failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need when other people are present. (page 487)

Question 8

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 8

An uncomfortable mental state resulting from a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior. (page 493)

Question 9

Companionate love

Answer 9

A strong commitment based on friendship, trust, respect, and intimacy. (page 507)

Question 10

Compliance

Answer 10

The tendency to agree to do things requested by others. (page 478)

Question 11

Conformity

Answer 11

The altering of one’s behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other people’s expectations. (page 475)

Question 12

Deindividuation

Answer 12

A state of reduced individuality, reduced self-awareness, and reduced attention to personal standards; this phenomenon may occur when people are part of a group. (page 474)

Question 13

Discrimination

Answer 13

The inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people as a result of prejudice. (page 500)

Question 14

Elaboration likelihood model

Answer 14

The idea that persuasive messages lead to attitude changes in either of two ways: via the central route or via the peripheral route. (page 495)

Question 15

Explicit attitudes

Answer 15

Attitudes that a person can report. (page 491)

Question 16

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 16

In explaining other people’s behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors. (page 497)

Question 17

Group polarization

Answer 17

The process by which initial attitudes of groups become more extreme over time. (page 474)

Question 18

Groupthink

Answer 18

The tendency of a group to make a bad decision as a result of preserving the group and maintaining its cohesiveness; especially likely when the group is under intense pressure, is facing external threats, and is biased in a particular direction. (page 475)

Question 19

Implicit attitudes

Answer 19

Attitudes that influence a person’s feelings and behavior at an unconscious level. (page 491)

Question 20

Inclusive fitness

Answer 20

An explanation for altruism that focuses on the adaptive benefit of transmitting genes, such as through kin selection, rather than focusing on individual survival. (page 486)

Question 21

Informational influence

Answer 21

The tendency for people to conform when they assume that the behavior of others represents the correct way to respond. (page 476)

Question 22

Ingroup favoritism

Answer 22

The tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup. (page 471)

Question 23

Mere exposure effect

Answer 23

The idea that greater exposure to a stimulus leads to greater liking for it. (page 490)

Question 24

Modern racism

Answer 24

Subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs. (page 501)

Question 25

Nonverbal behavior

Answer 25

The facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others. (page 496)

Question 26

Normative influence

Answer 26

The tendency for people to conform in order to fit in with the group. (page 476)

Question 27

Obedience

Answer 27

When a person follows the orders of a person of authority. (page 480)

Question 28

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 28

The tendency to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members. (page 471)

Question 29

Passionate love

Answer 29

A state of intense longing and desire. (page 507)

Question 30

Personal attributions

Answer 30

Explanations of people’s behavior that refer to their internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts. (page 497)

Question 31

Persuasion

Answer 31

The active and conscious effort to change an attitude through the transmission of a message. (page 494)

Question 32

Prejudice

Answer 32

Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype. (page 500)

Question 33

Prosocial behaviors

Answer 33

Actions that tend to benefit others, such as doing favors or helping. (page 485)

Question 34

Situational attributions

Answer 34

Explanations of people’s behavior that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people’s actions. (page 497)

Question 35

Social facilitation

Answer 35

The idea that the presence of others generally enhances performance. (page 473)

Question 36

Social identity theory

Answer 36

The idea that ingroups consist of individuals who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and experience pride through their group membership. (page 471)

Question 37

Social loafing

Answer 37

The tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone. (page 475)

Question 38

Social norms

Answer 38

Expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior. (page 476)

Question 39

“what is beautiful is good” stereotype

Answer 39

The belief that attractive people are superior in most ways. (page 506)