FlashcardsChapter08

Question 1

Term

Answer 1

Description

Question 2

Affective forecasting

Answer 2

The tendency for people to overestimate how events will make them feel in the future. (page 301)

Question 3

Analogical representations

Answer 3

Mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of objects; they are analogous to the objects. (page 290)

Question 4

Anchoring

Answer 4

The tendency, in making judgments, to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes most quickly to mind. (page 298)

Question 5

Aphasia

Answer 5

A language disorder that results in deficits in language comprehension and production. (page 312)

Question 6

Availability heuristic

Answer 6

Making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind. (page 299)

Question 7

Cognition

Answer 7

The mental activity that includes thinking and the understandings that result from thinking. (page 290)

Question 8

Concept

Answer 8

A category, or class, of related items; it consists of mental representations of those items. (page 291)

Question 9

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 9

Intelligence that reflects both the knowledge acquired through experience and the ability to use that knowledge. (page 322)

Question 10

Decision making

Answer 10

Attempting to select the best alternative from among several options. (page 297)

Question 11

Deep structure

Answer 11

In language, the implicit meanings of sentences. (page 316)

Question 12

Emotional intelligence (EI)

Answer 12

A form of social intelligence that emphasizes the abilities to manage, recognize, and understand emotions and use emotions to guide appropriate thought and action. (page 324)

Question 13

Exemplar model

Answer 13

A way of thinking about concepts: All members of a category are examples (exemplars); together they form the concept and determine category membership. (page 292)

Question 14

Fluid intelligence

Answer 14

Intelligence that reflects the ability to process information, understand relationships, and think logically, particularly in novel or complex circumstances. (page 322)

Question 15

Framing

Answer 15

In decision making, the tendency to emphasize the potential losses or potential gains from at least one alternative. (page 299)

Question 16

Functional fixedness

Answer 16

In problem solving, having fixed ideas about the typical functions of objects. (page 305)

Question 17

General intelligence (g)

Answer 17

The idea that one general factor underlies intelligence. (page 322)

Question 18

Heuristics

Answer 18

Shortcuts (rules of thumb or informal guidelines) used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make decisions. (page 297)

Question 19

Insight

Answer 19

(1) The sudden realization of a solution to a problem. (2) The goal of psychoanalysis; a client’s awareness of his own unconscious psychological processes and how these processes affect daily functioning. (page 306)

Question 20

Intelligence

Answer 20

The ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental challenges. (page 319)

Question 21

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer 21

An index of intelligence computed by dividing a child’s estimated mental age by the child’s chronological age, then multiplying this number by 100. (page 321)

Question 22

Language

Answer 22

A system of communication using sounds and symbols according to grammatical rules. (page 310)

Question 23

Linguistic relativity theory

Answer 23

The claim that language determines thought. (page 313)

Question 24

Mental age

Answer 24

An assessment of a child’s intellectual standing compared with that of same-age peers; determined by comparing the child’s test score with the average score for children of each chronological age. (page 321)

Question 25

Mental sets

Answer 25

Problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past. (page 304)

Question 26

Morphemes

Answer 26

The smallest language units that have meaning, including suffixes and prefixes. (page 310)

Question 27

Phonemes

Answer 27

The basic sounds of speech, the building blocks of language. (page 311)

Question 28

Phonics

Answer 28

A method of teaching reading in English that focuses on the association between letters and their phonemes. (page 318)

Question 29

Problem solving

Answer 29

Finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal. (page 297)

Question 30

Prototype model

Answer 30

A way of thinking about concepts: Within each category, there is a best example – a prototype – for that category. (page 291)

Question 31

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 31

Placing a person or an object in a category if that person or object is similar to one’s prototype for that category. (page 299)

Question 32

Restructuring

Answer 32

A new way of thinking about a problem that aids its solution. (page 304)

Question 33

Script

Answer 33

A schema that directs behavior over time within a situation. (page 295)

Question 34

Somatic markers

Answer 34

Bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action’s consequences. (page 301)

Question 35

Stereotypes

Answer 35

Cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups. (page 294)

Question 36

Stereotype threat

Answer 36

Apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one’s own group. (page 331)

Question 37

Surface structure

Answer 37

In language, the sound and order of words. (page 316)

Question 38

Symbolic representations

Answer 38

Abstract mental representations that do not correspond to the physical features of objects or ideas. (page 290)

Question 39

Telegraphic speech

Answer 39

The tendency for toddlers to speak using rudimentary sentences that are missing words and grammatical markings but follow a logical syntax and convey a wealth of meaning. (page 315)

Question 40

Thinking

Answer 40

The mental manipulation of representations of knowledge about the world. (page 290)

Question 41

Wernicke’s area

Answer 41

An area of the left hemisphere where the temporal and parietal lobes meet, involved in speech comprehension. (page 312)

Question 42

Whole language

Answer 42

A method of teaching reading in English that emphasizes learning the meanings of words and understanding how words are connected in sentences. (page 318)