FL 7 - Psych/Soc

Question 1

Which of the following statements best defines social control?

A. Social control is a method used to rank people, and it is based on wealth and other resources that a society values.

B. Social control is a situation in which an individual’s behavior violates social norms and induces a negative reaction.

C. Social control is a phenomenon in which some group members tend to stay silent against their better judgements to go along or agree with the desires and views of other group members

D. Social control describes the ways in which society can prevent and sanction behavior that violates social norms.

Answer 1

D. Social control describes the ways in which society can prevent and sanction behavior that violates social norms.

Social control is defined as the ways in which society can prevent and sanction behavior that violates social norms.

Question 2

Alpha waves are characteristic of which state of consciousness?

Answer 2

Alpha waves, shown below, are detected when an individual is awake, but fatigued and less than fully alert.

Question 3

In an individualistic society, a person with a disability that decides to remain unemployed and to subside on disability and welfare checks would most likely be labeled:

Answer 3

deviant.

Deviant behavior violates societal norms. An individualistic society values independence and self-reliance. A disabled person who relies on government support would be violating those norms.

Question 4

What is outcome bias?

Answer 4

Outcome bias is the tendency to judge a decision based on its outcome rather than the original reasoning used to make the decision.

Question 5

Define: In-group Bias

Answer 5

In-group bias is the tendency for people to favor members of their in-groups, like family, over outsiders.

Question 6

What kind of social system clearly lacks the ability for mobility?

Answer 6

A caste system.

A caste system is a social system in which one’s social status is determined hereditarily.

Question 7

List 3 general symptoms of PTSD

Answer 7

Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive memories

Dissociative reactions

Increased startle and physiological response

Question 8

Define:

Primary socialization

Answer 8

Primary socialization takes place before the age of 5 and generally refers exclusively to the influences of family members.

Question 9

Define:

Secondary socialization

Answer 9

Secondary socialization takes place in late childhood and adolescence. It arises out of interactions with non-family members, such as peers or teachers at school.

Question 10

Define:

Adult socialization

Answer 10

Adult socialization occurs, as the term suggests, in adulthood. It primarily takes place in college, graduate school, and the workplace.

Question 11

What is the difference between initial socialization and primary socialization?

Answer 11

Initial socialization and primary socialization are the same thing.

Question 12

How should a parent positively reinforce a behavior that a child is already intrinsically motivated to do?

Answer 12

The parent should not provide any reinforcement to the behavior.

It is a well-characterized and widely-discussed phenomenon in the field of reward psychology that intrinsic motivation to complete a certain task is undermined when that activity begins to be rewarded (both the desire to do the task and the performance on the task suffer as a result). Therefore, it is suggested by most reward psychologists to not reward a task that one already enjoys doing.

Question 13

Researchers have observed that as feelings of euphoria rise in substance abuse patients, their regulation of satiety declines. This leads to these patients craving higher quantities of the drug to obtain the same “high.” What neurotransmitter most likely governs this decline in satiety?

A. Serotonin

B. Acetylcholine

C.Oxytocin

D. Glutamate

Answer 13

A. Serotonin

Serotonin signaling within the hypothalamus is the key pathway through which appetite and satiation signaling is conducted.

Question 14

If an American visited South Africa during the height of apartheid and found himself disoriented by the practices he observed, going through periods of negotiation and adjustment as he became used to his surroundings, this would be due to:

Answer 14

culture shock.

Culture shock is a sense of disorientation as a person experiences an unfamiliar culture. Typically, culture shock is thought of as consisting of four phases: honeymoon, negotiation, adjustment, and adaption.

Question 15

Define:

cultural chauvinism

Answer 15

Cultural chauvinism represents an attitude that one’s culture is the best, superior to other cultures

Question 16

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by reduced _________ production and _________ ________ in the brain, not reduced dopamine signaling.

Answer 16

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by reduced acetylcholine production and beta-amyloid plaques in the brain, not reduced dopamine signaling.

Question 17

If criticism addresses the generalizability of the study’s findings to a broader population, this is a critique of ________ ________.

Answer 17

If criticism addresses the generalizability of the study’s findings to a broader population, this is a critique of external validity.

Question 18

How long must a patient experience symptoms of depression before he or she can be diagnosed with major depressive disorder?

Answer 18

Major depressive disorder can be diagnosed once a person has at least one major depressive episode. Major depressive episodes last a minimum of 2 weeks.

Question 19

What is the interface theory of perception?

Answer 19

States that individuals rely on heuristics to perceive, which overrides accurate perception.

It’s the idea that reality as we know it isn’t actually as it is. The analogy given was that reality can be thought of as the hardware that runs a computer (the transistors, logic gates,etc.) and our perception of reality is just graphical user interface.

Question 20

The _________ theory is a theory of emotion in which individuals first perceive a physiological sensation, then interpret this sensation as a type of emotion.

Answer 20

The James-Lange theory is a theory of emotion in which individuals first perceive a physiological sensation, then interpret this sensation as a type of emotion, as shown below:

Question 21

The tendency to misinterpret (not correctly interpret) the seriousness of a situation is a factor that contributes to the __________.

Answer 21

The tendency to misinterpret (not correctly interpret) the seriousness of a situation is a factor that contributes to the bystander effect.

Question 22

Describe the perspective of the cognitive theories of behavior

Answer 22

Cognitive theories of behavior focus on how faulty ways of thinking can negatively manifest as behavioral and emotional disorders.

Question 23

Someone developing depression due to the experiencing of a significant loss or emotional void is described by the ___________ theory of depression.

Answer 23

Someone developing depression due to the experiencing of a significant loss or emotional void is described by the psychoanalytic theory of depression.

Question 24

Someone developing depression due the learning of dysfunctional behavior which manifests as depressive symptoms is described by the ___________ theory of depression.

Answer 24

Someone developing depression due the learning of dysfunctional behavior which manifests as depressive symptoms is described by the behavioral theory of depression.

Question 25

Someone developing depression due disruption of certain critical periods during early development is described by the ___________ theory of depression.

Answer 25

Someone developing depression due disruption of certain critical periods during early development is described by the developmental theory of depression.

Question 26

When considering conflict theory, what is the “substructure”?

Answer 26

The substructure refers to the economic condition of the society.

Conflict theory states that society is an arena for constant conflict between different groups of people. Conflict theorists call economic conditions “substructure” and everything else “superstructure.” While Marx (who is considered the founder of conflict theory) focuses purely on economic gain, conflict theorists in general do not necessarily limit their analysis to material gain.

Question 27

When considering conflict theory, what is the “superstructure”?

Answer 27

The superstructure refers to the everything but the economic condition of the society.

Conflict theory states that society is an arena for constant conflict between different groups of people. Conflict theorists call economic conditions “substructure” and everything else “superstructure.” While Marx (who is considered the founder of conflict theory) focuses purely on economic gain, conflict theorists in general do not necessarily liemit their analysis to material gain.

Question 28

What is a major difference between Marx (the founder of conflict theory) and a modern conflict theorist?

Answer 28

Marx focuses purely on economic gain, conflict theorists in general do not necessarily limit their analysis to economic/material gain.

Question 29

___________ established trait theories describing cardinal, central, and secondary traits that contribute to an individual’s personality.

Answer 29

Gordon Allport established trait theories describing cardinal, central, and secondary traits that contribute to an individual’s personality.

Question 30

Who proposed that we all have 16 essential personality traits and turned this into a 16 personality factor questionnaire (16PF)?

Answer 30

Raymond Cattell proposed that we all have 16 essential personality traits and turned this into a 16 personality factor questionnaire (16PF)?

Question 31

Name 4 factors that can measure socioeconomic status

Answer 31

Socioeconomic status is typically measured by occupation, employment, household income, and educational attainment.

Question 32

Which of the following phenomena would provide the most reasonable explanation for the elevated perception of crime observed in economically depressed neighborhoods?

A. Social anomie

B. Social anhedonia

C. Social dysthymia

D. Social escapism

Answer 32

A. Social anomie

Social anomie is a feeling of disconnection from moral boundaries in society. Thus, individuals feeling this way could perceive greater crime rates than what is actually occurring due to the fact that they do not feel that society reflects values that they hold important.

Question 33

Describe dysthymia

Answer 33

Dysthymia is a more subtle form of depression. This mood disorder may cause feelings of sadness and perhaps pessimism

Question 34

Define:

Social escapism

Answer 34

Social escapism is the avoidance of unpleasant, boring, difficult, or anxiety-inducing aspects of daily life. While economically depressed individuals are more likely to wish to escape their lives, this would be unlikely to cause an individual to perceive more crime.