FL 4 - Psych/Soc

Question 1

__________ disease is a fatal condition characterized by involuntary movements and dementia. It is caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the gene that encodes the huntingtin protein on chromosome 4; this causes the progressive atrophy of brain structures. This disease has ________ ________ inheritance.

Answer 1

Huntington’s disease is a fatal condition characterized by involuntary movements and dementia. It is caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the gene that encodes the huntingtin protein on chromosome 4; this causes the progressive atrophy of brain structures. This disease has autosomal dominant inheritance.

Question 2

Because the prevailing treatment of schizophrenia decreases ______ signaling, it can induce Parkinson-like symptoms.

Answer 2

Parkinson’s disease is caused by decreased dopamine signaling.

Because the prevailing treatment of schizophrenia decreases dopamine signaling, it can induce Parkinson-like symptoms.

Question 3

An decreased reuptake of norepinephrine would cause a(n) (increase/decrease) in the frequency of urination.

Answer 3

An decreased reuptake of norepinephrine would cause a decrease in the frequency of urination.

Digestion is promoted by the parasympathetic (“rest and digest”) response, including increased urination/defecation. Therefore, more epinephrine → more sympathetic response → less frequent urination

Question 4

Define: Cultural assimilation

Answer 4

Cultural assimilation is the process by which a particular group’s culture begins to resemble that of another. Take for example Italian immigrants to New York City: having left Italy and taken up residence in the bustling city, immigrants began to take on qualities of New York culture. Inversely, people already in New York began to incorporate elements of Italian culture, such as eating pizza.

Question 5

Name the four typical factors that measure the completeness of cultural assimilation

Answer 5

Typically, the four factors that measure completeness of assimilation are geographic distribution, intermarriage, language acquisition, and socioeconomic status.

Question 6

What is one way that cultural assimilation can be slowed?

Answer 6

Assimilation can be slowed by the development of cultural or ethnic enclaves, that is, neighborhoods or areas with a high concentration of people from one distinct culture or ethnicity.

Question 7

_____ _______ is the tendency for people to follow family members and close friends to the same community in another country.

Answer 7

Chain migration is the tendency for people to follow family members and close friends to the same community in another country.

Question 8

________ _________ is the strengthening of synapses with repeated use over time.

Answer 8

long-term potentiation is the strengthening of synapses with repeated use over time.

Question 9

Define: Surround Suppression

Answer 9

Surround suppression involves perceiving tactile information while ignoring stimuli immediately surrounding it.

Tactile perception is the ability to perceive objects or judge sensations through the sense of touch.

Question 10

A greater receptive field results in a (greater/lesser) ability to detect detailed sensation.

Answer 10

A greater receptive field results in a lesser ability to detect detailed sensation.

Question 11

When a person’s gender identity does not match his or her physical sex, the person would most likely experience ________

Answer 11

Gender dysphoria

Gender dysphoria is the feeling of stress or discomfort in which one’s sense of one’s gender does not align with the gender assigned at birth (overwhelmingly the physiological sex of the person as determined by primary sex characteristics). In the older nomenclature, this was termed gender identity disorder, but (much like homosexuality before it), this condition has since been removed from the DSM as a “disorder” and come to simply be understood as one point on the wide spectrum of human sexual and gender characteristics.

Question 12

_____ _______ is difficulty experienced by an individual or a couple during any stage of sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal or orgasm.

Answer 12

Sexual dysfunction is difficulty experienced by an individual or a couple during any stage of sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal or orgasm.

Question 13

________ is the combination of masculine and feminine characteristics.

Sexual ambiguity may be found in fashion, gender identity, sexual identity, or sexual lifestyle. It can also refer to biological intersex physicality.

Answer 13

Androgyny is the combination of masculine and feminine characteristics.

Sexual ambiguity may be found in fashion, gender identity, sexual identity, or sexual lifestyle. It can also refer to biological intersex physicality.

Question 14

________ is the experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, or individuals.

Answer 14

Paraphilia is the experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, or individuals.

Question 15

Racial _______ is the extent to which one’s race is an important part of the person’s overall self-concept

Answer 15

Racial centrality is the extent to which one’s race is an important part of the person’s overall self-concept

Question 16

Tending to rate their perception of crime and income towards the middle of the survey responses displays ______ bias

Answer 16

Rater Bias, a tendency for raters to rate in the middle of a scale.

Question 17

_________ is used to predict scores from independent variables. It allows researchers to identify the unique effects of independent variables while controlling for other independent variables.

Answer 17

Regression is used to predict scores from independent variables. It allows researchers to identify the unique effects of independent variables while controlling for other independent variables.

Question 18

When would an independent samples t-test be used?

Answer 18

An independent samples t-test is conducted when researchers wish to compare mean values of two unrelated groups

Question 19

When would a paired samples t-test be used?

Answer 19

A paired samples t-test would be used if respondents provide multiple measurements, for example, responding to the same survey at different points in time.

Question 20

Psychologist Jean Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurs in four discrete stages. In the first stage, termed the _________ stage (birth to age 2), the individual experiences the world exclusively through sensing and moving through their environment.

A key event in this stage is the development of _____ __________, the understanding that objects continue to exist even though we are not looking at them.

Answer 20

Psychologist Jean Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurs in four discrete stages. In the first stage, termed the sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2), the individual experiences the world exclusively through sensing and moving through their environment. A key event in this stage is the development of object permanence, the understanding that objects continue to exist even though we are not looking at them.

Question 21

The second stage of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is the ____________ stage (ages 2-7). Here, the individual develops _______ ________, or the idea that things and ideas can be represented through symbols such as words or gestures. During this stage, children tend to focus on a single aspect of a thing or experience, a phenomenon called ________, and they also display an inability to comprehend conservation, or the idea that a quantity remains the same despite a change in shape. Children in this stage are _______, meaning they do not understand that other people have thoughts or perspectives different from their own.

Answer 21

The second stage of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is the preoperational stage (ages 2-7). Here, the individual develops symbolic thinking, or the idea that things and ideas can be represented through symbols such as words or gestures. During this stage, children tend to focus on a single aspect of a thing or experience, a phenomenon called centration, and they also display an inability to comprehend conservation, or the idea that a quantity remains the same despite a change in shape. Children in this stage are egocentric, meaning they do not understand that other people have thoughts or perspectives different from their own.

Question 22

The third stage of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is the ________ _________ stage (ages 7 to 11). Here, children develop an understanding of _________ and begin to understand mathematics. They also become less egocentric and can think _______ about concrete events and objects, but they still have not developed a full capacity for abstract thought.

Answer 22

The third stage of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is the concrete operational stage (ages 7 to 11). Here, children develop an understanding of conservation and begin to understand mathematics. They also become less egocentric and can think logically about concrete events and objects, but they still have not developed a full capacity for abstract thought.

Question 23

Finally, the fourth stage of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is the _____ __________ stage (age 12+). Here, people develop the abilities of abstract and moral reasoning.

Answer 23

Finally, the fourth stage is the formal operational stage (age 12+). Here, people develop the abilities of abstract and moral reasoning.

Question 24

According to ________ view, individuals have an innate language acquisition capacity.

Answer 24

According to Chomsky’s view, individuals have an innate language acquisition capacity.

Question 25

______ theory contends that development is motivated by innate drives. Who developed this theory?

Answer 25

Drive theory contends that development is motivated by innate drives. This theory was developed by Freud.

Question 26

_________ ______ ________ theory heavily stresses the role of people and interactions in the acquisition of cognitive skills such as language

Answer 26

Vygotsky’s social learning theory heavily stresses the role of people and interactions in the acquisition of cognitive skills such as language

Question 27

The __________ stage in Kohlberg’s stages of moral development is characterized by more concern for rewards and punishments than social rules and laws.

Answer 27

The preconventional stage in Kohlberg’s stages of moral development is characterized by more concern for rewards and punishments than social rules and laws.

Question 28

The ____________ stage in Kohlberg’s stages of moral development is characterized by concern for morality and the good of society rather than social rules and laws.

Answer 28

The postconventional stage in Kohlberg’s stages of moral development is characterized by concern for morality and the good of society rather than social rules and laws.

Question 29

Define: Functional Psychosis

Answer 29

Functional Psychosis is a severe emotional disorder characterized by personality derangement and loss of ability to function in reality, but without evidence that the disorder is related to the physical processes of the brain.

Question 30

What is General Paresis?

Answer 30

General paresis is one form of neurosyphilis, an infection of the brain or spinal cord. It usually occurs in persons who have had untreated syphilis for many years.

Question 31

________ personality disorder is a mental health condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of mistrust and suspicion of others, often interfering with his or her ability to form relationships.

Answer 31

Paranoid personality disorder is a mental health condition in which a person has a long-term pattern of mistrust and suspicion of others, often interfering with his or her ability to form relationships.

Question 32

Stage __ represents light sleep, where one drifts in and out of sleep and can be awakened easily. In this stage, the eyes move slowly and muscle activity slows.

Answer 32

Stage 1 represents light sleep, where one drifts in and out of sleep and can be awakened easily. In this stage, the eyes move slowly and muscle activity slows.

Question 33

In stage __ sleep, eye movement stops and brain waves become slower, with only an occasional burst of rapid brain waves called sleep spindles.

Answer 33

In stage 2 sleep, eye movement stops and brain waves become slower, with only an occasional burst of rapid brain waves called sleep spindles.

Question 34

Stage __ is referred to as Delta sleep because of the delta waves that occur during this stage. This stage is a deep sleep that typically lasts about 30 minutes. Sleepwalking and bed-wetting typically occur at the end of this stage. During this “deep sleep,” there is no eye movement or muscle activity. This is when some children may also experience sleepwalking or night terrors.

Answer 34

Stage 3 is referred to as Delta sleep because of the delta waves that occur during this stage. This stage is a deep sleep that typically lasts about 30 minutes. Sleepwalking and bed-wetting typically occur at the end of this stage. During this “deep sleep,” there is no eye movement or muscle activity. This is when some children may also experience sleepwalking or night terrors.

Question 35

The typical sleep cycle for adults lasts __ minutes, so 3 hours represents __ sleep cycles.

Answer 35

The typical sleep cycle for adults lasts 90 minutes, so 3 hours represents 2 sleep cycles.

Question 36

______ Theory measures goal setting, commitment, difficulty, or specificity.

Answer 36

Goal Theory measures goal setting, commitment, difficulty, or specificity.

Question 37

A _______ variable is one that changes the relationship between two variables.

A _______ variable is one that explains the relationship between two other variables.

Answer 37

A moderating variable is one that changes the relationship between two variables.

A mediating variable is one that explains the relationship between two other variables.

Question 38

________ variables have effects that, when combined with the effects of other variables, are not additive. In other words, two variables may impact the dependent variable much more when presented together than one would expect if the effects of each variable alone were added.

Answer 38

Interaction variables have effects that, when combined with the effects of other variables, are not additive. In other words, two variables may impact the dependent variable much more when presented together than one would expect if the effects of each variable alone were added.

Real-world examples of interaction include: Interaction between adding sugar to coffee and stirring the coffee. Neither of the two individual variables has much effect on sweetness but a combination of the two does.

Question 39

A ________ _______ is a specific example of a behavior used to judge another behavior against.

Answer 39

A behavioral anchor is a specific example of a behavior used to judge another behavior against.

Question 40

The ______ heuristic is the process of making a judgment based on emotions that are evoked.

Answer 40

The affect heuristic is the process of making a judgment based on emotions that are evoked.

Question 41

In psychology, the ______ _____ refers to the influence of environmental characteristics on a person’s perception of a stimulus. For example, a participant may have better recall when the original learning and recall take place in similar environments.

Answer 41

In psychology, the context effect refers to the influence of environmental characteristics on a person’s perception of a stimulus. For example, a participant may have better recall when the original learning and recall take place in similar environments.

Question 42

The ____________ perspective emphasizes the role of both thinking and social learning in personality development. In this case, the person observes behaviors and their consequences, which shapes the person’s subsequent beliefs and behaviors.

Answer 42

The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the role of both thinking and social learning in personality development. In this case, the person observes behaviors and their consequences, which shapes the person’s subsequent beliefs and behaviors.

Question 43

________ _______ are innate and not necessary for survival. For example, imagine a cat who lives inside an apartment. One of the cat’s ______ _______ is the desire to explore his environment (for example, walk around the apartment, jump inside cupboards or cabinets, etc.). This is not necessary for survival — the cat could easily survive simply by sitting in one place and moving only to acquire food or water. Instead, this motive can be thought of as primarily for the cat’s stimulation or entertainment.

Answer 43

Stimulus motives are innate and not necessary for survival. For example, imagine a cat who lives inside an apartment. One of the cat’s stimulus motives is the desire to explore his environment (for example, walk around the apartment, jump inside cupboards or cabinets, etc.). This is not necessary for survival — the cat could easily survive simply by sitting in one place and moving only to acquire food or water. Instead, this motive can be thought of as primarily for the cat’s stimulation or entertainment.

Question 44

The field of ________ includes the study of how often and why illnesses occur in certain populations.

Answer 44

The field of epidemiology includes the study of how often and why illnesses occur in certain populations.

Question 45

What is paternalism?

Answer 45

Paternalism refers to restricting freedom/responsibilities in subordinates in their supposed best interest
Ex: “Doctors know best”

Paternalism describes a case in which a physician makes medical decisions on a patient’s behalf

Question 46

Some studies of depressed and non-depressed individuals show that both populations can have similar physiological reactions to an emotion-provoking stimulus, but that depressed patients are more likely to contexualize the stimulus in a harmful way, leading to stronger emotional responses. This suggests that depressed patients experience an emotional imbalance based on which theory of emotion?

Answer 46

Schacter-Singer Theory of Emotion.

The Schacter-Singer theory posits that emotions are based on a physiological stimulus which the mind then puts into a particular context. Processing the context of the stimulus creates the emotion experienced.

stimulus → physiological arousal → cognitive interpretation of the circumstances → perception of emotion.

Question 47

________ bias occurs when participants drop out of a long-term experiment or study.

Answer 47

Attrition bias occurs when participants drop out of a long-term experiment or study.

Question 48

________ bias refers to a type of bias related to how people are chosen to participate.

Answer 48

Selection bias refers to a type of bias related to how people are chosen to participate.

Question 49

__________ bias is a type of bias related to memory. Most research on memories suggests that our memories of the past are not as accurate as we think, especially when we are remembering times of high stress.

Answer 49

Reconstructive bias is a type of bias related to memory. Most research on memories suggests that our memories of the past are not as accurate as we think, especially when we are remembering times of high stress.

Question 50

What is the “foot-in-the-door technique” of persuasion?

Answer 50

The foot-in-the-door technique states that when someone has agreed to make a small commitment towards something, they are then much more likely to follow up with a greater commitment.

Question 51

____________ reinforcement schedules tend to produce the highest response rates that are the most resistant to extinction, which is exactly why casinos use them.

Answer 51

Variable-ratio reinforcement schedules tend to produce the highest response rates that are the most resistant to extinction, which is exactly why casinos use them.

Question 52

The ________ effect describes the phenomenon in which it is harder for an individual to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar pieces of information.

Answer 52

The Stroop effect describes the phenomenon in which it is harder for an individual to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar pieces of information. An example of the Stroop effect is shown below. To experience this effect firsthand, try quickly saying the colors in which these words are written (rather than reading the words themselves). You’ll likely find this task surprisingly difficult!

Question 53

Symbolic interactionism is the view that an individual’s ________ influence his or her perceptions.

Answer 53

Symbolic interactionism is the view that an individual’s experiences influence his or her perceptions.

Question 54

Self-reported information is always vulnerable to _______ bias.

Answer 54

Self-reported information is always vulnerable to subjective bias.

Question 55

_________ influence is an influence to accept information from others as evidence about reality, and can come into play when we are uncertain about information or what might be correct.

Answer 55

Informational influence is an influence to accept information from others as evidence about reality, and can come into play when we are uncertain about information or what might be correct.

Information Influence is at play when we rely on information given by OTHERS when making a decision.

Question 56

In the context of conformity, _________ takes place when individuals accept an influence or viewpoint without deep reflection in order to produce or maintain a desired and beneficial relationship to another person or a group.

Answer 56

In the context of conformity, identification takes place when individuals accept an influence or viewpoint without deep reflection in order to produce or maintain a desired and beneficial relationship to another person or a group.

Question 57

In the context of conformity, __________ occurs when individuals accept an influence and come to identify with a given behavior or mindset.

Answer 57

In the context of conformity, internalization occurs when individuals accept an influence and come to identify with a given behavior or mindset.

Question 58

______ ______ refers to a phenomenon in which an individual adopts the behaviors of others—typically without a direct request being made—on the assumption that others’ behavior must be correct under the circumstances at hand.

Answer 58

Social proof refers to a phenomenon in which an individual adopts the behaviors of others—typically without a direct request being made—on the assumption that others’ behavior must be correct under the circumstances at hand.

Social proof can be thought of as a synonym for informational influence

Question 59

Explain: Minority Influence

Answer 59

When a new idea arises, it is automatically a minority opinion. This idea can then be spread through the influence of the minority on others accepting this view.

Question 60

True or False:

In Solomon Asch’s conformity experiment, the confederates provided explanations for their choices, influencing the test subjects.

Answer 60

False.

In Asch’s study, the confederates never provided an explanation for their choices to the group.

Question 61

What are Cialdini’s 6 principles of Persuasion?

Answer 61

Cialdini’s 6 Principles of Persuasion are:

• reciprocity
• scarcity
• authority
• commitment and consistency
• likeability
• consensus

Question 62

An _______ is a system in which a small number of individuals hold the majority of the power.

Answer 62

An oligarchy is a system in which a small number of individuals hold the majority of the power.

Question 63

_______ __________ typically refers to one’s ability to distinguish between two points of contact with one’s skin.

Answer 63

Spatial discrimination typically refers to one’s ability to distinguish between two points of contact with one’s skin.