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Surgery > Fiser ABSITE Ch. 25 Thoracic > Flashcards

Fiser ABSITE Ch. 25 Thoracic Flashcards

1
Q

What is the position of the phrenic nerve and vagus nerve in the hilum?

A

■ Phrenic nerve - runs anterior to hilum

■ Vagus nerve - runs posterior to hilum

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2
Q

What percentage of total lung volume is from the right lung?

A

55%

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3
Q

What percentage of quiet inspiration is from the diaphragm? and the intercostals?

A

80%, 20%

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4
Q

Which pneumocytes produce surfactant?

A

Type II

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5
Q

What structures direct air exchange between alveoli?

A

Pores of Kahn

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6
Q

How much pleural fluid is produced per day?

A

1-2 L

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7
Q

Which layer of the pleura produces pleural fluid and which layer has the lymphatics that clear the fluid?

A

parietal pleura produces pleural fluid cleared by lymphatics in the visceral pleura

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8
Q

What is the most common single site of lung CA mets?

A

brain

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9
Q

What is the overall 5 year survival rate for lung CA? and with resection?

A

10%, 30%

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10
Q

What is the most common type of lung CA?

A

adenocarcinoma

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11
Q

Local recurrence is increased with which type of lung CA? and distant metastases?

A

local recurrence, distant metastases

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12
Q

What percentage of pts with small carcinoma are surgical candidates?

A

Less than 5% (most get just chemo and XRT)

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13
Q

What is the most common paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Small cell ACTH

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14
Q

What is the most malignant lung tumor?

A

mesothelioma

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15
Q

Name two chemotherapy agents used for small cell lung CA

A

cisplatin, etopside

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16
Q

What is the name of the procedure used to assess aortopulmonary window nodes; goes through left 2nd rib cartilage?

A

Chamberlain procedure

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17
Q

In addition to Horner’s syndrome, what other nerve can have sx with Pancoast tumor?

A

ulnar

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18
Q

Coin lesions are overall 5-10% malignant. Age 50?

A

Less than 5%, 50%

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19
Q

What type of tumor is carcinoids? what is the tx?

A

neuroendocrine, tx: resection; treat like CA

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20
Q

Name the lung mass:
• Submucosal glands; spread along perineural lymphatics, well beyond endoluminal component; XRT sensitive • Slow growing; can get 10-year survival with incomplete resection • Tx: resection; if unresectable, XRT can provide good palliation

A 
Adenoid cystic adenoma,
Thyroid CA and goiters,
T-cell lymphoma,
Teratoma,
Parathyroid adenomas
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21
Q

What is the tx for all thymomas?

A

resection

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22
Q

What is the tx for mediastinal teratoma? and seminoma?

A

resection and chemo for teratoma; seminoma is very XRT sensitive, chemo for positive nodes or residual disease; surgery for residual disease after that

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23
Q

90% of nonseminoma mediastinal germ cell tumor have elevations in what two markers? and what is the tx?

A

beta-HCG and alpha-fetoprotein

Tx: cisplatin-based chemo and XRT; surgery for residual disease

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24
Q

Benign tumor of the trachea seen in adults? and in children? malignant is usually what?

A

adults papilloma; children hemangioma; malignant squamous cell carcinoma

25
Q

What is the most common late complication after tracheal surgery? and early complication?

A

late - granulation tissue formation

early - laryngeal edema

26
Q

Postintubation stenosis - at stoma site with tracheostomy, at cuff site with ET tube

May be able to treat with ___ or ___ May need resection with end-to-end anastomosis if severe.

A

serial dilatation or with laser

27
Q

Tracheostomy - needs to be between the 1st and 2nd tracheal rings not >3 rings → risk what?

A

tracheoinnominate fistula

28
Q

What is the tx for tracheoinnominate fistula?

A

overinflate balloon to plug hole or stick your finger in hole and depress innominate artery. Resect innominate and place graft. Leave trachea alone. Use new tracheostomy site

29
Q

■ Tracheoesophageal fistula: • Use large-volume cuff below fistula • May need decompressing gastrostomy • Tx: tracheal resection, reanastomosis, ___ flap

A

sternohyoid

30
Q

Lung abscess are most commonly associated with what?

A

aspiration

31
Q

Tx for lung abscess is abx which are 95% successful, what next if abx fails? and if that fails?

A

CT guided drainage

surgery if fails or cannot rule out CA (>6 cm, failure to resolve after 6 weeks)

32
Q

What are the three phases of empyema seen in 1-3 weeks respectively?

A

Exudative phase - 1st week
Fibroproliferative phase - 2nd week
Organized phase - 3rd week

33
Q

What is the tx of empyema during the 1st and 2nd weeks? and 3rd week (3 options)?

A

abx and chest tube in 1st and 2nd week

3rd week - Tx: likely need decortication; fibrous peel occurs around lung • May need Eloesser flap (direct opening to external environment) for chronic unresolving empyema • Can also place a chronic chest tube that is gradually pulled out

34
Q

50% of chylothorax is secondary to what cause? and the other 50%

A

50% secondary to tumor, 50% secondary to trauma or iatrogenic injury

35
Q

What is the most common tumor to cause chylothorax?

A

lymphoma due to tumor burden on lymphatics

36
Q

The thoracic duct runs along the right side and dumps into the left sublavian vein at junction with internal jugular. Where does it cross? Why is this location significant in chylothorax?

A

T4-5; Injury above T5-6 results in left-sided chylothorax ■ Injury below T5-6 results in right-sided chylothorax

37
Q

Tx for chylothorax is 3-4 weeks of conservative therapy * chest tube, octreotide, low-fat diet or TPN). What if that fails for chylothorax secondary to trauma or iatrogenic injury? and for malignant cases?

A

If that fails, surgery with ligation of thoracic duct on right side low in mediastinum (80% successful) if chylothorax secondary to trauma or iatrogenic injury

For malignant causes of chylothorax, can perform mechanical or talc pleurodesis (less successful than above)

38
Q

What stain can be used to stain fat in chylothorax?

A

sudan red stain

39
Q

Does the milky white fluid in chylothorax that is high in lymphocytes and TAGs get infected?

A

chylothorax is fluid resistant to infection

40
Q

Massive hemoptysis (>600 cc/24 h), bleeding is from high pressure bronchial arteries. Most commonly secondary to infection. What type is most common?

A

mycetoma (fungal)

41
Q

What is the tx for massive hemoptysis (>600cc in 24 hrs)?

A

place bleeding side down if know; rigid bronchoscopy to identify site; mainstem intubation to side opposite of bleeding to prevent drowning in blood; to OR for lobectomy or pneumonectomy; brochial artery embolization if not suitable for surgery

42
Q

Spontaneous pneumothorax seen in tall, healthy, thin, young males. Recurrence risk after 1st pneumothorax is what percent? after 2nd? after 3rd?

A

20%, 60%, 80%

43
Q

Which side is spontaneous pnuemothorax most common?

A

right

44
Q

What is the tx for spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

chest tube

45
Q

When is surgery indicated for spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

recurrence, large blebs on CT scan, air leak >7 days, nonreexpansion.

Also need surgery for high-risk profession (airline pilot, diver, mountain climber) or pts who live in remote areas

46
Q

What is the most common cysts of the mediastinum and their usual location?

A

bronchiogenic cysts, usually posterior to the carina

47
Q

What type of pneumothorax occurs in temporal relation to menstruation. Caused by endometrial implants in visceral lung pleura?

A

catamenial pneumothorax

48
Q

Residual hemothorax despite 2 good chest tubes. What next?

A

OR for thorascopic drainage

49
Q

Clotted hemothorax - surgical drainage if >25% of lung, air-fluid levels, or signs of infection; surgery in 1st week to avoid what?

A

avoid peel

50
Q

Whiteout on CXR:

Midline shift toward whiteout is most likely collapse. Needs what tx?

No shift - do CT to figure it out

Midline shift away from whiteout likely effusion. Needs what tx?

A

collapse needs bronchoscopy to remove plug

effusion needs chest tube

51
Q

Bronchiectasis is acquired from infection, tumor or what other condition?

A

cystic fibrosis

52
Q

Noncaseating granulomas are seen in what lung condition?

A

sarcoidosis

53
Q

What is the pleural fluid protein to serum ratio seen in an exudate? and the pleural fluid LDH to serum ratio seen in exudate?

A

> 0.5

> 0.6

54
Q

Recurrent pleural effusions can be treated with what?

A

mechanical pleurodesis (talc pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusions)

55
Q

Airway fires are usually associated with the laser. What is the tx?

A

stop gas flow, remove ET tube, reintubate for 24 hrs; bronchoscopy

56
Q

AVMs, connections between the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins; usually occurs in the lower lobes and in pts with what disease?

A

Osler-Weber-Rendu disease

57
Q

What is the tx for AVMs in the lung?

A

embolization

58
Q

What is the most common benign chest wall tumor? and malignant?

A

benign - osteochondroma

malignant - chondrosarcoma

Surgery (33 decks)

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