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Surgery > Fiser ABSITE CH. 13 Inflammation and Cytokines > Flashcards

Fiser ABSITE CH. 13 Inflammation and Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation phases: injury leads to exposed ___; ____ release, tissue factor release from ____

A

collagen, platelet-activating factor, endothelium

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2
Q

In inflammation platelets bind and release ___ which leads to PMN and macrophage recruitment.

A

PDGF

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3
Q

Play a dominant role in wound healing, release important growth factors (PDGF) and cytokines IL-1 and TNF-a.

A

Macrophages

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4
Q

Similar effect as TGF-beta. Chemotactic and activates inflammatory cells (PMNs and macrophages). Chemotactic and activates fibroblasts -> collagen and ECM proteins. Angiogenesis. Epithelialization. Chemotactic for smooth muscle cells. Has been shown to accelerate wound healing.

A

PDGF; (EGF and FGF also help chemotaxis, angiogenesis and epithelialization)

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5
Q

Stimulates angiogenesis and is involved in tumor metastasis.

A

V-EGF

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6
Q

Not stored, generated by phospholipase in endothelium and other cells. Stimulates many types of inflammatory cells; chemotactic; increased adhesion molecules

A

Platelet activating factor (PAF)

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7
Q

PMNs last ____ days in tissues, ___ days in blood

A

1-2, 7

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8
Q

Platelets last ___ days

A

7-10

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9
Q

Have IgE receptors that bind allergen. Release major basic protein which stimulates basophils and mast cells to release histamine. Increased in parasitic infections.

A

Eosinophils

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10
Q

Have IgE receptors. Main source of histamine in blood. Not found in tissue.

A

Basophils

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11
Q

Primary cell type in type I reactions. Main source of histamine in tissues other than stomach.

A

Mast cells

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12
Q

Vasodilation, tissue edema, postcapillary leakage. Primary effectors in type I hypersensitivity reactions (allergic reactions)

A

Histamine

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13
Q

Vasodilation, increased permeability, pain contraction of pulmonary arterioles. ACE inactivates.

A

Bradykinin

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14
Q

Has arginine percursor. Activates guanylate cyclase and increases cGMP, resulting in vascular smooth muscle dilation. Also called endotheliu-derived relaxing factor (EDRF).

A

Nitric Oxide

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15
Q

What does endothelin do?

A

vascular smooth muscle constriction

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16
Q

Main initial cytokine response to injury and infection is release of ___ and ____

A

TNF-alpha and IL-1

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17
Q

What is the largest producer of TNF?

A

macrophage

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18
Q

What cytokine is responsible for cachexia in cancer patients?

A

TNF-alpha

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19
Q

What is the main source of IL-1

A

macrophage

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20
Q

IL-1 effects are similar to ___ and synergizes with it.

A

TNF

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21
Q

Alveolar macrophages cause fever with atelectasis by releasing ___

A

IL-1

22
Q

IL-1 also increases what other IL production?

A

IL-6

23
Q

IL-1 responsible for fever which is mediated by ___ in hypothalamus.

A

PGE2 (NSAIDs decrease)

24
Q

Which IL increases hepatic acute phase proteins (CRP, amyloid A) and lymphocyte activation.

A

IL-6

25
Q

Released by lymphocytes in response to viral infection or other stimulates. Active macrophages, natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells. Inhibit viral replication.

A

Interferon

26
Q

Name 2 proteins decreased as result of hepatic acute phase response.

A

albumin, transferrin

27
Q

Provides rolling adhesion. Located on leukocytes, bind to ones on endothelial and platelets

A

Selectins (L-selectins, E- and P- respectively)

28
Q

On leukocytes; bind ICAMs; anchoring adhesion.

A

Beta 2 Integrins

29
Q

ICAM, VCAM, PECAM, ELAM on endothelial cells, bind beta-2 integrin molecules located on leukocytes and platelets. These are also involved in ___

A

endothelial migration

30
Q

In the classic complement pathway, antigen-antibody complexes activate. Which 2 abx? And which 3 factors are found only in the classic pathway?

A

IgG, IgM

Factors C1, C2, and C4

31
Q

The alternative complement pathway, endotoxin, bacteria, other stimuli activate. What 3 factors are found only in this pathway?

A

B, D and P (properdin)

32
Q

What is the common convergence point for classic and alternative complement pathways?

A

C3

33
Q

What electrolyte is required for both complement pathways?

A

Mg

34
Q

What are the 3 anaphylatoxins in the complement pathway that increase vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction (bronchi); activate mast cells and basophils

A

C3a, C4a, C5a

35
Q

What forms the membrane attack complex?

A

C5b-9b

36
Q

What part of the complement cascade functions in opsonization?

A

C3b

37
Q

What 2 parts of the complement cascade functions in chemotaxis?

A

C3a and C5a

38
Q

Prostaglandins:
___ and ___ - vasodilation, bronchodilation, increased permeability; inhibit platelets;

___ - vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, increased permeability

A

PGI2 and PGE2;

PGD2

39
Q

___ inhibit cycloxygenase reversibly;

A

NSAIDs

40
Q

___ inhibits cycloxygenase irreversibly, inhibits platelets adhesion by decreaseing ___

A

Aspirin, TXA2

41
Q

Inhibit phospholipase, which converts phospholipids to arachidonic acid -> inhibits inflammation

A

Steroids

42
Q

What are the slow-reaching substances of anaphylaxis; bronchoconstriction; vasoconstriction followed by increased permeability (wheal and flare)

A

Leukotrienes

43
Q

Which leukotriene is chemotactic?

A

LTB4

44
Q

Catecholamines peak how many hours after injury?

A

24-48

45
Q

What is the primary mediator of reperfusion injury?

A

PMNs

46
Q

NADPH-oxidase system enzyme defect in PMNs. Results in decreased superoxide radical (O2-) formation.

A

Chronic granulomatous disease

47
Q

Most potent stimulus for hepatic acute phase response

A

IL-6

48
Q

T/F CRP is increases in hepatic acute phase response

A

T

49
Q

T/F Thyroid hormone plays a major role in injury

A

F

50
Q

T/F RBCs have antioxidant properties

A

T

51
Q

Antioxidant properties of RBCs

A

Superoxide dismutase and catalase

Surgery (33 decks)

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