Fiser ABSITE Ch. 22 Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin of the thyroid?

A

1st and 2nd pharyngeal pouches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the blood supply of the thyroid with origins?

A

superior thyroid arter is the 1st branch off the external carotid artery; inferior thyroid artery is off the thyrocervical trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the blood supply to the parathyroids and how should they be ligated in thyroidectomy?

A

inferior thyroid arteries, ligate close to thyroid to avoid injuring parathyroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the blood supply to the thyroid isthmus that is occurs in 1% and its origin?

A

Ima artery arises from the innominate or aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid and where do they drain?

A

Superior and middle thyroid veins drain into the internal jugular. The inferior vein drains to the innominate vien

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve arises directly from the vagus and occurs in 2-3%. Which side is more common?

A

right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The superior laryngeal nerve tracks close to what other structure?

A

superior thyroid artery but is variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the innervation of the cricothyroid muscle and what does injury result in?

A

superior laryngeal nerve, loss of projection and easy voice fatigability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve track?

A

runs posterior to thyroid lobes in the tracheosophageal groove. can track with inferior thyroid artery but is variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What structures do the right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves loop around?

A

right loops around right subclavian, left loops around aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?

A

motor to all larynx except cricothyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve results in hoarseness. What additional tx is need for bilateral injury and why?

A

needs emergency trach since bilateral injury can obstruct airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the posterior medial suspensory ligament of the thyroid that is close to the RLNs and requires careful dissection?

A

Ligament of Berry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the molecule that stores T3 and T4 in colloid?

A

thyroglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most lateral posterior extension of thyroid tissue called? They can be rotated medially to find what structures? (left behind with subtotal thyroidectomy because of proximity).

A

Tubercles of Zuckerkandl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the name of the cells that produce calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular C cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a long-term side effect of thyroxine treatment?

A

osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Postthyroidectomy pt develops stridor. What do you do?

A

open neck emergently to remove hematoma, can result in airway compromise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Thyroid storm is most common after surgery in pt with undiagnosed ____?

A

Grave’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the following sx of?:
increased HR, fever, numbness, irritability, vomiting, diarrhea, high-output cardiac failure (most common cause of death)

A

Thyroid storm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the Wolf-Chaikoff effect which is very effective for pts in thyroid storm.

A

Patient given high doses of iodine (Lugol’s solution, potassium iodide), which inhibits TSH action on thyroid and inhibits organic coupling of iodide, resulting in less T3 and T4 release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the first step in dx of asymptomatic thyroid nodule?

A

thyroid function tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Asymptomatic thyroid nodule FNA shows cyst fluid. It is drained and it recurs, what next?

A

thyroidectomy or lobectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Asymptomatic thyroid nodule with normal TFTs what is the next step in dx?

A

FNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Thyroid FNA shows colloid tissue what is the tx?

A

Low chance of malignancy (

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Thyroid FNA shows follicular cells, what next and what is the malignancy rate?

A

thyroidectomy or lobectomy (5-10% malignancy rate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What percentage of thyroid nodules are benign?

A

85%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What next if a thyroid nodule FNA is indeterminate?

A

Radionucleotide study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Thyroid nodule FNA is indeterminate, radionucleotide study shows hot nodule, what next?

A

Give thyroxine for 6 months, if size does not decrease perform lobectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Thyroid nodule FNA is indeterminate, radionucleotide study shows cold nodule, what next?

A

thyroidectomy or lobectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Diffuse enlargement of thyroid without evidence of functional abnormality = nontoxic colloid goiter. What is the tx?

A

Tx: try to suppress with thyroxine; 131I (may be ineffective), thioamides, subtotal thyroidectomy or lobectomy on side of goiter if medical treatment ineffective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the name of the thyroid lobe that occurs in 10%, extends from the isthmus toward the thymus?

A

pyramidal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the cyst that classically moves upward with swallowing?

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

34
Q

What is the tx for thyroglossal duct cyst and why?

A

Resection, susceptible to infection and my be premalignant. (Also need to take midportion or all of hyoid bone along with the cyst)

35
Q

What are the two main side effects of PTU and Methimazole?

A

aplastic anemia or agranulocytosis

36
Q

What is the treatment for hyperthyroidism that is good for young pts, small goiters and mild T3 and T4 elevation?

A

PTU and methimazole

37
Q

What is the treatment for hyperthyroidism that is good for pts who are poor surgical candidates or unresponsive to PTU?

A

radioactive iodine (131I)

38
Q

When is the best time to operate in pregnant women with hyperthyroidism?

A

2 trimester due to decreased risk of teratogenic events and premature labor

39
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and what is the pathophys?

A

Graves’ disease, IgG antibodies to TSH receptor

40
Q

What is the recurrence rate for tx of Graves’ disease with thioamides, 131I, and subtotal thyroidectomy?

A

70%, 10%, 10%

41
Q

Suspicious nodule in pt with Graves’ disease, what is the tx?

A

bilateral subtotal or total thyroidectomy

42
Q

What is the preop preparation for a pt with Graves’ disease undergoing a bilateral subtotal or total thyroidectomoy?

A

Preop preparation: PTU or methimazole until euthyroid, _-blocker, 1 week before surgery, Lugol’s solution for 10-15 days to decrease friability and vascularity (start only after euthyroid)

43
Q

What is the most common cause of thyroid enlargement?

A

toxic multinodular goiter

44
Q

Sx of toxic multinodular goiter include ___; What could precipitate sx?

A

cardiac symptoms, weight loss, insomnia, airway compromise; contrast dyes

45
Q

What is the tx for toxic multinodular goiter and single toxic nodule?

A

131I and thioamides; 131I can be less effective in some (inhomogeneous uptake by gland); subtotal thyroidectomy or lobectomy if medical treatment ineffective

46
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in adults?

A

hashimoto’s disease

47
Q

Why can a goiter develope in Hashimoto’s disease?

A

lack of organification of trapped iodide inside gland

48
Q

What usually precipitates DeQuervains’s thyroiditis?

A

viral URI

49
Q

What is the tx for De Quervains thyroiditis?

A

steroids, ASA

50
Q

Rare condition of woody, fibrous component to thyroid that can involve adjacent strap muscles and carotid sheath • Can resemble thyroid CA or lymphoma (need biopsy) • Disease frequently results in hypothyroidism and compression. Tx is steroids and thyroxine. May need isthmectomy or trach.

A

Riedel’s fibrous struma

51
Q

What is the most common endocrine malignancy in the US?

A

thyroid CA

52
Q

What is the most common type of thyroid CA?

A

papillary

53
Q

What type of thyroid CA is the least aggressive, slow growing and has the best prognosis?

A

papillary

54
Q

What is the prognosis in papillary thyroid CA based on?

A

local invasion

55
Q

What type of thyroid cancer’s pathology has psammoma bodies and ophan Annie nuclei?

A

papillary

56
Q

Papillary thyroid CA less than what size can have a lobectomy instead of total thyroidectomy?

A
57
Q

Papillary Thyroid CA with clinically positive cervical nodes or extrathyroidal tissue requires what additional tx?

A

ipsilateral MRND

58
Q

Papillary thyroid CA with metastatic disease, residual local disease, positive lymph nodes or capsular invasion requires what addtional tx?

A

131I 6 weeks after surgery

59
Q

When would you give XRT for papillary thyroid CA

A

unresectable or no response to 131I

60
Q

What is the 5 year survival in papillary thyroid CA?

A

95%

61
Q

Enlarged lateral neck lymph node that shows normal appearing tissue. What is it and what is the tx?

A

papillary thyroid CA with lymphatic spread, total thyroidectomy and MRND

62
Q

What percentage of follicular thyroid carcinoma has metastatic disease at the time of presentation?

A

50%

63
Q

What is the route of metastasis and most common site with follicular thyroid carcinoma?

A

hematogenous, bone

64
Q

If thyroid nodule FNA shows just follicular cells, what is the chance of malignancy?

A

10%

65
Q

Lobectomy for follicular cells on thyroid FNA. Pathology shows adenoma or follicular cel hyperplasia. What next?

A

nothing

66
Q

What size thyroid lesions showing follicular CA need total thyroidectomy?

A

> 1 cm

67
Q

Follicular thyroid CA with clinically positive cervical nodes or extrathyroidal tissue involvement. What additional tx is needed?

A

ipsilateral MRND

68
Q

Follicular thyroid CA > 1 cm or extrathyroidal disease need what tx in addition to thyroidectomy?

A

131I 6 weeks after surgery

69
Q

What is the 5 year survival rate with follicular thyroid CA?

A

70%

70
Q

What does the pathology show in medullary thyroid carcinoma?

A

amyloid deposition

71
Q

What can be used to test for medullary thyroid CA? Causes increase in calcitonin?

A

Gastrin

72
Q

From what cells does Medullary thyroid carcinoma arise and what do they secrete?

A

parafollicular C cells, calcitonin

73
Q

What two other conditions should be screened for if medullary thyroid carcinoma is diagnosed?

A

hyperparathyroidism and pheochromocytoma

74
Q

What are two sx of elevated calcitonin?

A

flushing and diarrhea

75
Q

Tx for medullary thyroid carcinoma is total thyroidectomy with what other dissection?

A

central neck

76
Q

Prophylactic thyroidectomy and central node dissection in MEN IIa or IIb patients at what age?

A

2 years

77
Q

What can be monitored for disease recurrence in medullary thyroid carcinoma?

A

calcitonin

78
Q

What is the 5 year survival in medullary thyroid carcinoma?

A

50%

79
Q

What is the 5 year survival for anaplastic thyroid cancer?

A

0%

80
Q

What types of thyroid CA is 131I effective?

A

papillary and follicular only