Fiser ABSITE Ch. 22 Thyroid Flashcards
What is the origin of the thyroid?
1st and 2nd pharyngeal pouches
What is the blood supply of the thyroid with origins?
superior thyroid arter is the 1st branch off the external carotid artery; inferior thyroid artery is off the thyrocervical trunk
What is the blood supply to the parathyroids and how should they be ligated in thyroidectomy?
inferior thyroid arteries, ligate close to thyroid to avoid injuring parathyroids
What is the blood supply to the thyroid isthmus that is occurs in 1% and its origin?
Ima artery arises from the innominate or aorta
What is the venous drainage of the thyroid and where do they drain?
Superior and middle thyroid veins drain into the internal jugular. The inferior vein drains to the innominate vien
Nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve arises directly from the vagus and occurs in 2-3%. Which side is more common?
right
The superior laryngeal nerve tracks close to what other structure?
superior thyroid artery but is variable
What is the innervation of the cricothyroid muscle and what does injury result in?
superior laryngeal nerve, loss of projection and easy voice fatigability
Where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve track?
runs posterior to thyroid lobes in the tracheosophageal groove. can track with inferior thyroid artery but is variable
What structures do the right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves loop around?
right loops around right subclavian, left loops around aorta
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?
motor to all larynx except cricothyroid
Injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve results in hoarseness. What additional tx is need for bilateral injury and why?
needs emergency trach since bilateral injury can obstruct airway
What is the posterior medial suspensory ligament of the thyroid that is close to the RLNs and requires careful dissection?
Ligament of Berry
What is the molecule that stores T3 and T4 in colloid?
thyroglobulin
What is the most lateral posterior extension of thyroid tissue called? They can be rotated medially to find what structures? (left behind with subtotal thyroidectomy because of proximity).
Tubercles of Zuckerkandl
What is the name of the cells that produce calcitonin?
Parafollicular C cells
What is a long-term side effect of thyroxine treatment?
osteoporosis
Postthyroidectomy pt develops stridor. What do you do?
open neck emergently to remove hematoma, can result in airway compromise
Thyroid storm is most common after surgery in pt with undiagnosed ____?
Grave’s disease
What are the following sx of?:
increased HR, fever, numbness, irritability, vomiting, diarrhea, high-output cardiac failure (most common cause of death)
Thyroid storm
Describe the Wolf-Chaikoff effect which is very effective for pts in thyroid storm.
Patient given high doses of iodine (Lugol’s solution, potassium iodide), which inhibits TSH action on thyroid and inhibits organic coupling of iodide, resulting in less T3 and T4 release
What is the first step in dx of asymptomatic thyroid nodule?
thyroid function tests
Asymptomatic thyroid nodule FNA shows cyst fluid. It is drained and it recurs, what next?
thyroidectomy or lobectomy
Asymptomatic thyroid nodule with normal TFTs what is the next step in dx?
FNA
Thyroid FNA shows colloid tissue what is the tx?
Low chance of malignancy (
Thyroid FNA shows follicular cells, what next and what is the malignancy rate?
thyroidectomy or lobectomy (5-10% malignancy rate)
What percentage of thyroid nodules are benign?
85%
What next if a thyroid nodule FNA is indeterminate?
Radionucleotide study
Thyroid nodule FNA is indeterminate, radionucleotide study shows hot nodule, what next?
Give thyroxine for 6 months, if size does not decrease perform lobectomy
Thyroid nodule FNA is indeterminate, radionucleotide study shows cold nodule, what next?
thyroidectomy or lobectomy
Diffuse enlargement of thyroid without evidence of functional abnormality = nontoxic colloid goiter. What is the tx?
Tx: try to suppress with thyroxine; 131I (may be ineffective), thioamides, subtotal thyroidectomy or lobectomy on side of goiter if medical treatment ineffective
What is the name of the thyroid lobe that occurs in 10%, extends from the isthmus toward the thymus?
pyramidal lobe