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Cardiovascular System > First Look at the ECG > Flashcards

First Look at the ECG Flashcards

1
Q

What events do the standard limb leads look at

A

The vertical or frontal plane

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2
Q

SLL I

A

Left arm to right arm

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3
Q

SLL II

A

Left leg to right arm

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4
Q

SLL III

A

Left leg to left arm

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5
Q

What events are transmitted well

A

Fast events such as depolarisation and repolarisation of the AP

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6
Q

What events are not transmitted well

A

Slow events such as the plateau of the AP

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7
Q

What does a wave of approaching depolarisation cause

A

Upward-going blip

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8
Q

What is measured between the standard limb leads

A

The potential difference

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9
Q

SLL II: A wave of depolarisation approaching the left leg will cause a

A

Positive potential relative to the right arm

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10
Q

A wave of depolarisation going away from the left leg will cause a_____ relative to the right arm

A

Negative potential

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11
Q

A wave of repolarisation approaching the left leg will cause a

A

negative potential relative to the right arm

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12
Q

A wave of repolarisation going away from the left leg will cause a

A

positive potential relative to the right arm

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13
Q

P wave

A

Caused by atrial depolarisation

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14
Q

QRS complex

A

Caused by ventricular depolarisation

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15
Q

T wave

A

Caused by ventricular repolarisation

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16
Q

PR interval

A

Time from atrial depolarisation to ventricular depolarisation (0.12-0.2 sec)

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17
Q

QT interval

A

time spent while ventricles are depolarised (0.42 sec at 60bpm)

18
Q

Why can’t you see atrial repolarisation:

A

Atrial repolarisation coincides with ventricular depolarisation. Ventricular depolarisation involved much more tissue depolarising much faster so it swamps any signal from atrial repolarisation

19
Q

Why is the QRS complex so complex?

A

Different parts of the ventricle depolarise at different times in different directions

20
Q

In which order do the different parts of the ventricle depolarise

A
  1. Interventricular septum (L to R)
  2. Bulk of the ventricle (endocardial to epicardial)
  3. The upper part of the interventricular septum
21
Q

Why is the T-wave positive going?

A

The action potential is longer in the endocardial cells than in the epicardial cells so the wave of repolarisation runs in the opposite direction to the wave of depolarisation
This produces another positive-going blip

22
Q

Why is the R-wave bigger in SLL II than in SLL I or SLL III?

A

The main vector of depolarisation is in line with the axis of recording from the left leg with respect to the right arm

23
Q

• What happens if the heart was rotated to the left or developed hypertrophy on the left or atrophy on the right

A

Axis deviation

24
Q

What extra information do augmented limb leads give you

A

3 other perspectives on events in the heart

25
Q

aVR

A

SLIII connects to right arm

26
Q

aVL

A

SLLII connects to left arm

27
Q

aVF

A

SLL I connects to left leg

28
Q

Augmented leads R waves biggest to shortest

A

aVF
aVL
aVR

29
Q

What extra information do the precordial chest leads give

A

same events of the heart but from a horizontal (transverse) plane

30
Q

V1

A

Negative blip

31
Q

V6

A

Positive blip

32
Q

V3 and V4

A

Flip to negative somewhere in between

33
Q

The paper on a rhythm strip should run__

A

25mm/sec

34
Q

1 large square on a rhythm strip is

A

0.2 sec (5mm)

35
Q

How do you work out the heart rate in bpm

A

Count R waves in 30 large squares = 6 seconds and multiply by 10

36
Q

Bradycardia

A

Below 60 bpm

37
Q

Tachycardia

A

Above 100 bpm

38
Q

What else can the rhythm strip tell you

A

PR interval lenght
QRS complex length
QT interval length
Whether the p wave precedes the QRS complex

39
Q

STEMI

A

ST elevated myocardial infarction

40
Q

NSTEMI

A

Non- ST elevated myocardial infarction

41
Q

Which is worse STEMI or NSTEMI

A

STEMI

Cardiovascular System (42 decks)

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