Anatomy of CVS 1 Flashcards
What is the hearts function
Pump
Arteries function
distribute blood from heart
Capillaries function
exchange nutrients
Veins function
Collect and return blood to heart
What are the 2 main circulations in the CVS
Pulmonary
Systemic
Where does the heart lie
between T5 and T8 in recombent position
Where is the apex located
Left ventricle in the 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line
Where is the base located
Left atrium and lies wholly posterior and in front of the oesophagus
How does the heart position differ in children
It lies higher and more horizontal
What is situs inversus
congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal positions
What can Situs inversus cause
dextrocardia: your heart points toward the right side of your chest instead of the left side
What lies anterior to the heart (3)
Sternum and costal cartilage 4-7
Anterior edges are lung and pleurae
Thymic remnants
What lies posterior to the heart (3)
Oesophagus
Descending aorta
Thoracic vertebrae 5-8
What lies lateral to the heart (2)
Lungs
Phrenic nerve
What lies inferior to the heart
Central tendon of diaphragm
What are the structures of the heart (8)
- Layers of heart wall
- Chambers
- Heart valves
- Cardiac skeleton
- Coronary arteries
- Cardiac veins
- Pericardium
- Innervation
What are the layers of the heart wall
- Endocardium (innermost): epithelium, BM and connective tissue
- Myocardium (middle): cardiac muscle
- Epicardium (outermost): Connective tissue, BM and epithelium
What is the epicardium also known as
Visceral pericardium
What do the endocardium form
Valves
What cells line the endocardium
simple squamous epithelium sitting on basement membrane (connective tissue)
What does the endocardium line
The heart chamber
What is the myocardium
Thick middle layer of heart wall
What cells are in the myocardium
Myocytes
What cell features does the myocardium have
Lots of mitochondria
Single central nucleus
What is the vasculature of the myocardium
Rich capillary bed
What are myocytes connected by
Intercalated discs
What is the epicardium
Outer layer of heart wall
What cells is the epicardium made out of
Simple squamous epithelium, BM and connective tissue
What is the epithelium of the epicardium
Visceral layer of serous pericardium
Can the epicardium be fatty (Y/N)
Yes
What are the 4 heart chambers
- Right atrium
- Right ventricle
- Left atrium
- Left ventricle
What are the functions of the heart valve
Control direction of blood flow
What are the cusps in heart valves derived from
Endocardium
How do the heart valves work
Passively
The chordae tendinae and papillary muscles prevent valve failure
Widening of valves
Incompetence
Narrowing of valves
stenosis
Infection of valves
Bacterial endocarditis
What is the mitral valve also known as
Bicupsid valve
What are the bicupsid and tricupsid valves known as
The atrioventricular valves
What are the aortic and pulmonary valves known as
Semi-lunar valves and have 3 cusps
What is the fibrous cardiac skeleton
Composed of dense connective tissue
Lies in the plane between the atria and ventricles
What does the plane of the fibrous cardiac skeleton correspond to
Atrioventricular groove
Fibrous cardiac skeleton provides structural support for (4)
AV septum
Roots of great vessels
Anchorage for valves
Myocytes/capillary network
Fibrous cardiac skeleton provides electrical insulation for (2)
Atria from ventricles
Myocardium from great vessels
At systole the what happens to the openings in aortic sinuses
They are sheielded by aortic valve cusps
At diastole what does the elastic recoil do
Closes aortic valve an allows blood to enter the arteries
Where are the coronary arteries located
Pericardium
At diastole what happens in the coronary arteries
The myocardium relaxes
Blood can flow into the capillaries
What holds in the heart in place
Great vessels within fibrous pericardium
Central tendon
Sternum
Serous pericardium
What is the serous pericardium
Epithelium that secretes pericardial lubricant and allows freedom of movement during cardiac cycle
