Diet and CVD

Question 1

Main risk factors in CVD (9)

Answer 1

• Diet
• Obesity
• Hypertension
• Insulin resistance diabetes (type 2)- produce insulin but body doesn’t respond to it
• Genetic
• Foetal infant growth
• Alcohol
• Smoking
• Physical activity

Question 2

Prevention strategies

Answer 2

• Tackling unhealthy lifestyles (e.g. poor-quality diet, physical inactivity, smoking)
• Optimising risk factors

Question 3

Pro-atherogenic factors (5)

Answer 3

• Cholesterol
• Saturated FA
• Trans FA
• Sodium
• Alcohol

Question 4

Anti-atherogenic factors (6)

Answer 4

•	PUFA
•	CHO-rich diet
•	NSP
•	MUFA
•	Antioxidant
Phytochemicals

Question 5

PUFA (polyunsaturated fats)-n6

Answer 5

lowers LDL as well as HDL

Question 6

PUFA (polyunsaturated fats)- marine

Answer 6

Lowers TAG but has minimal effects on HDL and LDL

Question 7

Monounsaturated fats

Answer 7

• mainly oleic and reduced both total and LDL cholesterol in the plasma

Question 8

CHO rich diet

Answer 8

reduces risk of CHD by reducing fat intake

Question 9

NsP (non-start polysaccharide)

Answer 9

correlated with decrease risk of CVD and it helps reduce cholesterol levels but not VLDL and TAG but beneficial on insulin secretion

Question 10

Antioxidant

Answer 10

essential components of the cellular defence against activated oxygen species

Question 11

Allicin

Answer 11

reduce platelets aggregation, increase fibrinolysis, decrease plasma fibronogen

Question 12

Cholesterol

Answer 12

Strong correlation with CHD

Question 13

Saturated fats

Answer 13

Raised blood cholesterol

Question 14

Trans Fat

Answer 14

Raises LDL and plasma TAG and lower HDL

Question 15

Sodium

Answer 15

Influences thrombosis by raising blood pressure

Question 16

Alcohol

Answer 16

Raises blood pressure

Question 17

What is the recommened intake of fish by WHO

Answer 17

0.2g/day

Question 18

What do beta glucans do and where are they found

Answer 18

Whole grain and lower cholesterol

Question 19

When beta-glucans are digested and metabolised in the microbiota what is the effect

Answer 19

Produces the metabolite SCFAs and reduces TMA

Question 20

The reduction of TMA means

Answer 20

The liver does not convert it to TMAO which contributes to atherosclerosis

Question 21

The increase of SCFAs results in (3)

Answer 21

Reduction in BP
Reduction in gluconeogenesis
Reduction in lipogenesis