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Cardiovascular System > Embryology of the CVS 1 > Flashcards

Embryology of the CVS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major stages in heart development

A
  1. Primitive heart
  2. Heart looping
  3. Atrial and Ventricular Septation
  4. Outflow Tract Septation
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2
Q

What arises from the lateral plate

A

Somatic and Splanchnic

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3
Q

What does the splanchnic mesoderm form

A

Circulatory system and other viscera

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4
Q

How do the angiogenic islands form the primitive heart tubes

A

Angiogenic islands collect in the lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm and move towards the midline and coalesce to form the primitive heart tubes

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5
Q

What is the first major system to function in the embryo

A

The cardiovascular

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6
Q

When does the primordial heart start to function

A

At the beginning of 4th week

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7
Q

Why does the primordial heart start to function at week 4

A

The embryo is rapidly growing and nutrition by diffusion is not enough to satisfy embryo

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8
Q

What is the Cardiogenic Field

A

Primitive heart and blood vessels in the embryo

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9
Q

Where do blood vessels first appear

A

In the wall of the yolk sac, allantois, connecting stalk and chorion

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10
Q

When do paired endothelial strands (angioblastic cords) appear in the cardiogenic mesoderm

A

3rd week

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11
Q

What do angioblastic chords canalise to form

A

Heart tubes

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12
Q

What is the pericardium derived from

A

Intra-embryonic coelem

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13
Q

The somatic mesoderm develops into

A

Parietal layer of serous pericardium and fibrous pericardium

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14
Q

Cephalic folding of pericardial cavity

A

Dorsal to Ventral

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15
Q

Cephalic folding of cardiac tubes

A

Ventral to Dorsal

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16
Q

Venous end of primitive heart tube

A

Sinus Venosus

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17
Q

Arterial end of primitive heart tube

A

Truncus Arteriosus

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18
Q

How many horns does venous end have

A

2 (left and right)

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19
Q

Each horn of the venous end gets venous blood from

A

Yolk sac (vitelline)
Placenta (umbillical)
Body of the embryo (common cardinal)

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20
Q

Where do aortic arches terminate

A

Dorsal aorta

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21
Q

How is the bulboventricular loop formed

A

Bulbous cordis and ventricle grow faster than other regions forming a u shape

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22
Q

What is Dextrocardia and what are the consequences (4)

A

Abnormal cardiac looping
Heart loops to left side instead of right
Heart faces right instead of left
Associated with situs inversus

23
Q

When is partitioning of the primordial heart seen

A

Between 27th and 37th days of embryonic development

24
Q

What does the partitioning of the primordial heart involve (2)

A

Endocardial cushion formation

Septum formation

25
Q

What is Endocardial cushion formation

A

Separates right atrium and ventricle from left atrium and ventricle to form the AV canal

26
Q

What is septum formation

A

Separates right atrium from left atrium and right ventricle from left ventricle

27
Q

Fused endocardial cushions (2)

A

Right and Left V canal

Septum intermedium

28
Q

What do the AV canals temporarily separate

A

Primordial atrium from the ventricle

29
Q

Partitioning of primitive atrium into left and right atria (3)

A

Septum primum forms foramen primum
Septum primum sinks down to form foramen secundum
Septum secundum travels down and forms foramen ovale and septum primum degenerates

30
Q

What is the opening between septum primum and endocardial cushion called

A

Ostium primum

31
Q

Foramen primum and Foramen secundum is opening caused by

A

Septum primum

32
Q

Foramen ovale is opening in

A

Septum secundum

33
Q

What is the role of the Oval Foramen at birth

A

Allows most of the blood to pass from the right atrium (de-oxygentaed blood) to the left atrium (oxygenated blood)

34
Q

What is the role of the Oval Foramen after birth

A

Normally closes

35
Q

What does non-closure of oval foramen cause

A

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) - hole in the heart

36
Q

What are the four clinically significant types of ASD (4)

A

A) Foramen secundum defect
B) Endocardial cushion defect with foramen primum defect
C) Sinus venosus defect
D) Common Atrium

37
Q

Partitioning of Primitive Ventricle (3)

A
  1. Muscular ventricular septum forms.
  2. Bottom of spiral aorticopulmonary septum fuses with muscular ventricular septum
  3. Growth of endocardial cushions also contribute to membranous portion of IV septum
38
Q

Opening created by muscular ventricular septum is called

A

interventricular foramen

39
Q

What does the fusion of the aorticopulmonary septum and muscular ventricular septum form (2)

A

Membranous interventricular septum and closes interventricular foramen

40
Q

What does the aorticopulmonary septum divide the bulbous cordis and truncus arteriosus into and when does this occur

A

Pulmonary trunk and aorta

5th week

41
Q

Congenital disorder of the ventricles

A

Ventricular septal defect

42
Q

Early pacemakers of the heart

A

Primitive atrium and then sinus venosus

43
Q

When does the SA node (pacemaker) develop

A

5th week

44
Q

What is the adult location of SA node

A

High in the right atrium near the entrance of the SVC

45
Q

Where does the AV node develop from (bundle of His)

A

Cells of AV canals and sinus venosus

46
Q

Aortic sac becomes

A

Aortic arch

47
Q

Bulbous cordis

A

Right ventricle

Parts of outflow tract

48
Q

Primitive ventricle

A

Left ventricle

49
Q

Primitive atrium

A

Parts of right and left atria

50
Q

Sinus venosus

A

SVC and Right atrium

51
Q

Aetiology of Congenital Heart Disease (5)

A 
Rubella infection in pregnancy (PDA)
Maternal alcohol abuse (septal defects)
Maternal drug treatment and radiation
Genetic
Chromosomal
52
Q

Causes of transposition of Great Vessels (2)

A

Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to take a spiral course

Defective migration of neural crest cells

53
Q

What is transposition of great vessels associated with

A

ASD and VSD

54
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Pulomonary stenosis
Ventricular septal defect
Dextroposition of aorta
Right ventricular hypertrophy

Cardiovascular System (42 decks)

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