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TFD BC > Fire Concepts and Behavior > Flashcards

Fire Concepts and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of fire?

A

The term used to describe the rapid oxidation of combustible materials accompanied by a release of energy in the form of heat and light

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2
Q

What is the definition of combustion?

A

The self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a fuel, being reduced by an oxidizing agent along with the evolution of heat, gases, vapors, soot, and light

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of fire? (Fire triangle)

A

Fuel
Heat
Oxygen

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4
Q

How much oxygen is in normal air?

A

21%

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5
Q

How much oxygen is required for free burning and visible flame?

A

16%

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6
Q

Does oxygen burn?

A

NO

It supports combustion

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7
Q

What are the 3 physical states of matter?

A

Solids
Liquids
Gases

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8
Q

What influences the ease of ignition and rate of burning?

A

Size and shape of fuel particles

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9
Q

What is heat?

A

Form of energy that raises temperature

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10
Q

What is temperature?

A

Measurement of heat intensity

Fahrenheit or Centigrade (Celsius)

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11
Q

What is BTU?

A

British thermal unit

Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree fahrenheit

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12
Q

What are the 4 sources of heat energy?

A

Mechanical
Electrical
Chemical
Nuclear

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13
Q

What are the 4 methods of heat transfer?

A

Convection
Conduction
Radiation
Direct flame contact

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14
Q

What are the 4 products of combustion?

A

Flame
Heat
Smoke
Fire gases

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15
Q

Know as many fire gases as you can

A 
Carbon Monoxide
Formaldehyde
Hydrogen Cyanide
Hydrogen Chloride
Nitrogen Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrous Oxide
Phosgene
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16
Q

What are the 3 phases of fire?

A

Incipient
Free burning
Smoldering

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17
Q

For Incipient stage…
O2 level
Ceiling temperature

A

20-21%

Approx 100 degrees F

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18
Q

For free burning stage…
O2 level
Ceiling temperature

A

16-19%

Approx 1300 degrees F

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19
Q

For smoldering phase…
O2 level
Ceiling temperature

A

Less than 15%

Temperature throughout room approx 1000 degrees F

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20
Q

The main issue/concern of the incipient stage is the possibility of ____

A

Rollover

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21
Q

The main issue/concern of the free burning stage is the probability of ____

A

Flashover

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22
Q

The main issue/concern of the smoldering phase is the possibility of ____

A

Backdraft

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23
Q

Thermal balance is established during which phase?

A

Free burning stage

24
Q

A room is totally filled with dense smoke and gases during which phase?

A

Smoldering

25
Q

What are the 8 signs of backdraft?

A 
Smoke under pressure
Black smoke becoming yellow gray
Confinement and excessive heat
Little or no visible flame
Smoke leaves room in puffs
Smoke stained glass
Muffled sounds
Sudden inrush of air when opening is made
26
Q

The less oxygen content, the ____ the smoke

A

Darker

27
Q

What are the 5 classes of fires?

A 
A- Ordinary solid combustables
B- Flammable liquids, gases, and semisolids
C- Energized electrical equipment
D- Combustible metals
K- Cooking oils and fats
28
Q

What are the 4 principles of fire control?

A

Heat control or cooling
Oxygen dilution or exclusion
Fuel removal or consumption
Chemical chain inhibition

29
Q

What are 6 extinguishing agents?

A 
CO2- Displaces oxygen
Dry chemical- Chain reaction inhibitor 
Halon agent- Disrupts chain reaction
Foam- Fuel separation and chain reaction inhibitor
Dry powders- For class D fires
Water- Cools
30
Q

What is rollover?

A

Hazard that occurs during incipient stage. Gasses are hot enough at ceiling to ignite and travel. May ignite fires behind you and cut off egress

31
Q

What is flashover?

A

Hazard that occurs during free burning stage. All fuels in a room ignite spontaneously. Not survivable due to high temperatures

32
Q

What is backdraft?

A

Hazard that occurs during smoldering stage. Sudden introduction of O2 into area that causes an explosion

33
Q

What temperature is water when it’s a liquid/solid/gas?

A

Solid- Below 32
Liquid- 32 to 212
Gas- above 212

34
Q

What is the law specific heat?

A

Same as BTU

35
Q

Water is affected by what 2 laws of physics?

A

Law of specific heat

Latent heat of vaporization

36
Q

What is latent heat of vaporization?

A

Amount of heat required to change water from a liquid to a gas

37
Q

Water expands ____ times when converted to steam

A

1700

38
Q

____ ____ for efficient vaporization

____ ____ for penetration

A

Fog streams

Straight streams

39
Q

What are the 3 types of fire attack?

A

Direct
Indirect
Combination

40
Q

What is direct fire attack?

A

Close fog pattern is applied directly to the seat of fire in short bursts until the fire darkens down

41
Q

What is considered a close fog pattern?

A

30 degrees or less

42
Q

What stage is direct fire attack used?

A

Incipient stage

43
Q

Why during direct fire attack do we use short bursts?

A

So we don’t upset the thermal balance

44
Q

What is indirect fire attack?

A

Use of latent heat of vaporization. Not desirable where victims may still be present.

45
Q

What nozzle setting for indirect fire attack and where do you direct the stream?

A

30-60 degrees

Into the upper atmosphere

46
Q

Indirect fire attack does not work without….

A

Super high temperatures and confined areas

47
Q

What patterns are for combination fire attack?

A

T
S
O

Penetrating fog pattern

48
Q

How should you move the stream with a combination fire attack?

A

Rotate clockwise with the stream edge touching the ceiling, floor, and walls

49
Q

Define flash point

A

Temp at which liquid gives off sufficient vapor to flash but not continue to burn with an ignition source present

50
Q

Define fire point

A

Temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapor to flash and continue to sustain combustion with an ignition source present

51
Q

Define ignition temperature/Auto ignition temperature

A

Temperature at which a material will self ignite without an ignition source present

52
Q

Define flammable limits/range

A

Minimum and maximum concentrations of a gas in in air which will ignite

53
Q

Define boiling point

A

The temp at which the pressure at the surface of a liquid becomes greater than atmospheric pressure

54
Q

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

14.7psi

55
Q

Define specific gravity

A

Molecular weight of a liquid compared to the molecular weight of water

56
Q

Define vapor density

A

Molecular weight of a vapor compared to the molecular weight of air

57
Q

Define solubility

A

Ability to mix with water or another liquid

TFD BC (26 decks)

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