Financial Policy - Ordinary Revenue

Question 1

What are crown lands?

Answer 1

They were lands held by the king by inheritance/confiscated by traitors.

Question 2

How many attainders were passed during Henry’s reign?

Answer 2

There were 138 attainders passed of which 46 were reversed.

Question 3

What happened in 1486?

Answer 3

Henry persuaded Parliament to pass the Act of Resumption, which recovered for the Crown all the property granted since 1455.

Question 4

What did Henry do to crown lands?

Answer 4

He modernised the way that they were administered.

Question 5

What did Henry have control over in 1485?

Answer 5

He had control over all land owned by York, Lancaster, Principality of Wales, Duchy of Lancaster and Earls of Richmond, March and Warwick.

Question 6

What is an escheat?

Answer 6

An escheat is a man who died and left no heirs and Henry gained more lands as a result of this.

Question 7

How much bigger was crown lands in the 1450s to the end of Henry’s reign?

Answer 7

Five times bigger.

Question 8

What did Henry’s feudal dues extend to?

Answer 8

It extended to marriage when the King could give married heirs and heiresses in marriage.

Question 9

Who paid feudal obligations/feudal dues?

Answer 9

Tenants-in-chief (held land directly from the king). Henry was the greatest feudal lord.

Question 10

What was relief?

Answer 10

It was money paid to the king as land was inherited.

Question 11

What was a wardship?

Answer 11

When the king had the right to look after the heir and land if the heir was a minor.

Question 12

How much money did wardships earn Henry in 1487?

Answer 12

£350

Question 13

How much money did wardships earn Henry in 1507?

Answer 13

£6,000

Question 14

What was a livery?

Answer 14

Fine paid to recover lands from a wardship.

Question 15

What is a bond?

Answer 15

A written contract of good behaviour OR for the individual to perform a specific task.

Question 16

What is a recognisance?

Answer 16

Formal acknowledgements of debts and other obligations owed to the Crown.

Question 17

What had bonds been used for?

Answer 17

Bonds had been used for many years as a way of ensuring good service from those in customs and excise.

Question 18

How much were bonds worth in 1505?

Answer 18

They were worth £35,000 per year.

Question 19

How much money were bonds earning Henry in 1493?

Answer 19

£3,000

Question 20

What happened after Battle of Bosworth?

Answer 20

Earl of Northumberland and Viscount Beaumont of Powicke had to pay £10,000 as guarantees of loyalty.

Question 21

How many bonds were collected between the years 1485 and 1495?

Answer 21

191

Question 22

What did customs dues account for?

Answer 22

They accounted for 1/3 of the king’s income by 1509.

Question 23

Which customs duties were the most valuable?

Answer 23

Duties levied on wool, leather, cloth and wine.

Question 24

How much money did custom duties earn Henry between 1485 and 1495?

Answer 24

£33,000 per year.

Question 25

How much money did custom duties earn Henry between 1495 and 1509?

Answer 25

£40,000 per year.

Question 26

What are prerogative duties?

Answer 26

Exports of leather, wool, wool fells and cloth.

Question 27

What was granted for life in the 1485 parliament?

Answer 27

Tonnage and poundage. Tax on imports and exports,

Question 28

What were profits from justice?

Answer 28

This was when Henry had a policy of punishing by fine even in treasonable cases that deserved the death penalty.

Question 29

In 1495, Sir William Stanley was found guilty of what crime?

Answer 29

Treason. Henry allowed for a pardon to be paid of £9,000 as a lump sum followed by a further £1000 a year after.

Question 30

What was the Earl of Northumberland fined for?

Answer 30

Misconduct. He had assaulted a royal ward and paid £10,000 as a pardon.

Question 31

What did legal action have to start with?

Answer 31

It had to start with a writ which had to be paid for.