FINALS TOPIC ALL Flashcards
1
Q
Detection of possible antibodies produced by patients with rheumatoid arthritis
A
Rheumatoid factor latex agglutination test
2
Q
Conditions in which damage to organs or tissues results from the presence of autoantibody or auto-reactive cells
A
Autoimmunity
3
Q
These cells would lead to the production of autoantibodies
A
Autoreactive cells
4
Q
The ability of the immune system to recognize self-produced antigens as a non-threat while recognizing foreign antigens as a threat
A
Self-tolerance
5
Q
This type of self tolerance happens in the primary lymphoid organs (BM and Thymus). It has a positive and negative selection process in T cell maturation. It is not 100% effective that is why some of the cell reactive T cells can pass through.
A
Central tolerance
6
Q
What is the main function of central tolerance?
A
Shut down/remove those cells that are self-reactive B or T lymphocytes. It triggers apoptosis
7
Q
This type of self-tolerance happens in the secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, Lymph nodes, etc.).
A
Peripheral tolerance
8
Q
What cells mediate the peripheral tolerance which suppress the immune response to the self-antigens ?
A
T-regulatory cells
9
Q
This particular TH cell is associated as the primary mediators in the development of auto-immune disorders
A
TH1
10
Q
It is thought to be caused by the loss or breakdown of self-tolerance (there is a problem with the T regulatory cells)
A
Autoimmunity
11
Q
Other mechanisms that are thought to be contribute to autoimmunity:
A
Release of sequestered antigens, molecular mimicry, polyclonal B-cell activation, inheritance of MHC genes
12
Q
Hormone related to autoimmunity which makes females more prone in the development of autoimmune disease
A
Estrogen
13
Q
Tissue target of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
A
Thyroid
14
Q
Target tissue of Grave’s disease
A
Thyroid
15
Q
Tissue target of pernicious anemia
A
Gastric parietal
16
Q
Tissue target of Addison’s disease
A
Adrenal glands
17
Q
Tissue target of Type 1 diabetes mellitus
A
Pancreas
18
Q
Tissue target of Myasthenia gravis
A
Nerve muscle synapse
19
Q
Tissue target of multiple sclerosis
A
Myelin sheath of nerves
20
Q
Tissue target of autoimmune hemolytic anemia
A
Red blood cells
21
Q
Tissue target of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
A
Platelets
22
Q
Tissue target of goodpasture’s syndrome
A
Kidney, lungs
23
Q
Tissue target of rheumatoid arthirtis
A
Joint, lungs, skin
24
Q
Tissue target of scleroderma
A
Skin, gut, lungs, kidney
25
Tissue target of systemic lupus erythematous
Skin, joints, kidney, brain, heart, lungs
26
Considered as the most systemic autoimmune disease
Systemic lupus erythematosus
27
It affects cytokine production and may influence T cells which becomes more active in a particular response
Estrogen
28
Genetic marker that is strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis
HLA-DR4
29
Principle of RF latex agglutination test
Passive agglutination
30
What is the antibody detected in rf latex agglutination test?
Rheumatoid factor
31
Is RF non-specific or specific?
Non specific
32
What immunoglobulin classification is RF in?
IgM
33
The mechanism of RF:
IgM antibodies act against the FC region of IgG molecule which creates an immune complex the becomes deposited in the joints
34
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is RF classified in?
Type 3
35
Does a positive result in RF latex agglutination test mean the patient already has RA?
No
36
Done as a screening test to see if the patient is positive or negative with RF
RF latex agglutination qualitative method
37
Normal levels for RF latex agglutination test
Less than 8 iu/mL
38
Limit of sensitivity of RF latex agglutination test
8 iu/mL
39
Most commonly acquired spirochete disease in the US
Syphilis
40
What is the causative agent of syphilis?
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum
41
The causative agent of yaws
Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue
42
The causative agent of nonvenereal endemic syphilis
Treponema pallidum subspecies endemicum
43
The causative agent of pinta
Treponema carateum
44
What is the principal mode of transmission of syphilis?
Sexual contact
45
This stage of syphilis is characterized by the formation of chancre
Primary syphilis
46
When does the formation of chancre in syphilis occur?
10-90 days after infection
47
This stage of syphilis may give positive result to direct detection (microscopic, IFA)
Primary syphilis
48
This stage of syphilis is characterized by lymphadenopathy, malaise, fever, pharyngitis, and a rash on the skin and mucous membranes. Chancre may also be present.
Secondary syphilis
49
This stage of syphilis is characterized by a systemic dissemination of microorganism.
Secondary syphilis
50
At this stage of syphilis, patients are noninfectious, with the exception of pregnant women.
Latent syphilis
51
This stage of syphilis is characterized by the absence of symptoms.
Latent syphilis
52
This stage of syphilis is when the patient serum sample may give a positive result in serological test for syphilis.
Latent syphilis
53
This stage of syphilis appears anywhere from months to years after secondary infection. Typically, this occurs most often between 10 and 30 years following the secondary stage.
Tertiary syphilis
54
Three major manifestations of tertiary syphilis
Gummatous syphilis, cardiovascular disease, neurosyphilis
55
Localized area of granulomatous inflammation that is commonly found in the skin, bones, or subcutaneous tissues.
Gummas
56
Lab test for syphilis that uses darkfield and fluorescence microscope and fluorescence labelled antibody.
Direct detection of spirochetes
57
Lab tests for syphilis under direct detection of spirochetes:
Dark field microscope, direct immunofluorescence assay
58
Laboratory test for syphilis which detects antibody cardiolipin. It has been traditionally been used to screen for syphilis because of their high sensitivity and ease of performance.
Nontreponemal serological test
59
Specific type of precipitation that occurs over a narrow range of antigen concentrations.
Flocculation
60
Examples of nontreponemal test:
VDRL, RPR, TRUST (toluidine red unheated serum test), USR (unheated serum reagent), RST (regain screen test)
61
This lab test for syphilis detects treponemal antibodies. It has the highest sensitivity for detecting infection.
Treponemal serological test
62
It is both a qualitative and quantitative slide flocculation test for serum and spinal fluid.
Venereal disease research laboratory
63
What does the reagent (antigen) of VDRL consist of?
0.03% cardiolipin
0.9% cholesterol
0.21% lecithin
64
Rotation speed and timing for serum VDRL
180 rpm for 4 mins
65
Rotation speed and timing for CSF VDRL:
180 rpm for 8 mins
66
At what temperature should the VDRL be performed?
Room temperature / 23-29C
67
What is the antibody against cardiolipin?
Reagin
68
How do you inactivate VDRL serums?
Incubate serum at 56C for 30 mins
69
What is the required circle for VDRL?
14mm ring
70
It uses 18 gauge needles without bevel. Calibrated to drop 60 drops of antigen suspension per mL.
Qualitative Serum VDRL
71
It uses 19 gauge needle without bevel. Calibrated to drop 75 drops of antigen suspension per mL.
It can use 23 gauge needle may be used which dispenses 100 drops per mL.
Quantitative serum VDRL
72
It uses 21 or 22 gauge needle that can dispense 100 drops of antigen suspension per mL.
CSF VDRL
73
GRADING OF FLOCCULATION
Reactive- medium to large clumps
Weakly reactive- small clumps
Nonreactive- no clumps or slight roughness
74
This test is a modification of VDRL which involves macroscopic agglutination
Rapid plasma reagin test
75
Where is the cardiolipin-containing antigen suspension bound to in RPR?
Charcoal particles
76
What is the composition of RPR antigen?
0.03% cardiolipin, 0.9% cholesterol, 0.21% lecithin, EDTA, thimerosal, choline chloride
77
What hamilton syringe is used for RPR?
20 gauge
78
Rotation and timing of RPR?
100 rpm for 8 mins
79
Which component of the RPR reagent inactivates the serum?
Choline chloride
80
What is the test circle size for RPR?
18 mm
81
What done after a positive reaction is shown in RPR test?
Run a semi-quantitative method to determine the titer
82
It is also called as the lateral flow assay or lateral flow immunoassay
Immunochromatography
83
What is the principle applied in serological test kits?
Immunochromatography
84
What are the components of the lateral flow assay?
Sample pad, conjugate pad, membrane pad, absorbent pad
85
Absorbent pad on to which the sample is applied that might be containing the target analyte.
Sample pad
86
What is the typical composition of sample pad?
Woven mesh or cellulose fiber
87
What should the sample pad demonstrate to avoid lost of analytes?
Low protein binding
88
It is typically composed of non-woven glass fiber, into which the detection reagent has been dried
Conjugate pad
89
It contains a dye labeled antibody conjugate, specific for the target analyte in this sample
Conjugate pad
90
What is the most commonly used label in immunochromatography? This is also the reason why the reaction is colorimetric.
Colloidal-gold nanoparticles
91
What is the most important element in the lateral flow assay?
Membrane pad
92
What is the composition of membrane pad?
Nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, polyvinylidene fluoride, charge-modified nylon, or polyethersulfone
93
It is considered to be the most commonly used membrane pad
Nitrocellulose
94
What is the purpose of membrane pad?
Captured antibodies are immobilized across the membrane, typically in two lines
95
It basically consists of specie specific antibody for the detection of the antibodies available on the conjugate pad.
Control line
96
This is found at the end of the lateral flow immunoassay. Functions to increase the volume of sample which enters the test strip.
Absorbent pad
97
In this assay, the positive reaction will show a colored line on the “T”-test line.
Direct assay or sandwich assay
98
Test kits that utilizes direct assay
HBsAg, HIV, Dengue
99
In this type of assay, the sign of positive reaction is an absence of colored line on the test line.
Competitive assay
100
What test kits use competitive assay?
Drugs of abuse: Methemphetamine hydrochloride, tetrahydrocannabinol, etc.
101
Inflammation of liver caused by a heterogenous group of viruses
Hepatitis
102
Hepatitis A
Picornaviridae
103
Hepatitis B
Hepadnaviridae
104
Hepatitis c
Flaviviridae
105
Hepatitis D
Deltaviridae
106
Hepatitis E
Hepeviridae
107
The only DNA hepatitis virus
Hepatitis B virus
108
Mode of transmission of hepatitis b
Parenteral, perinatal, sexual intercourse
109
What should the mother be positive for in order for vertical transmission be possible for hepatitis b?
Hepatitis B envelop antigen (HBeAg)
110
How many doses of the vaccine should a person acquire for the prevention of hepatitis b?
3
111
What are the immune responses that our body tends to produce?
Anti-HbS, anti-HbC, anti-HbE
112
First marker to appear in blood after infection and it’s a sign that the patient is in acute stage of hepatitis B infection
HBsAg
113
A sign that there is a viral replication happening on the patient circulation and sign of infectivity which means that the patient can transmit the virus to other hosts
HBeAg
114
The only serological marker for hepatitis b infection that is not detectable in serum sample because of the HBe which masks it.
HBcAg
115
What hepatitis serological marker can be detected only through liver biopsy?
HBcAg
116
The first antibody to be detected in hepatitis B
Anti-HBc
117
2 forms of Anti-HBc
IgM and IgG
118
The only serological marker that can be detected during the window period of hepatitis B infection.
Anti-HBc
119
This is when all of the serological markers for hepatitis B are negative.
Window period
120
The marker detected during the window period of hepatitis B
IgM anti-HBC
121
Serological marker that is a sign that the patient is in chronic stage of hepatitis B infection
IgG Anti-HBc
122
Indicates that the patient is recovering from hepatitis B infection
Anti-HBe
123
Last antibody to appear during hepatitis b infection. It is also present on immunized patients.
Anti-HBs
124
One step assay designed for qualitative determination of HBsAg in human serum or plasma
SD BIOLINE HBsAg
125
What is the membrane strip of the SD BIOLINE test cassette pre-coated with?
Mouse monoclonal anti-HBs capture antibdy on test band region
126
After how many minutes should you interpret the results for HBsAg
20 mins
127
Family of HIV
Retroviridae
128
HIV with worldwide distribution (common to US and Europe)
HIV I
129
HIV that is common to West Africa and less pathogenic
HIV II
130
What are the three major structural gene of HIV?
Gag, Pol, Env
131
Reverse transcriptase (important enzyme during replication process) in HIV
P64
132
An important enzyme during replication process, to integrate genetic material to the host genes
P32
133
Screening tests for HIV Ab
ELISA(indirect), ELISA (competitive assay), slide agglutination test, RIA
134
Confirmatory tests for HIV Ab
Western blot assay, indirect immunofluorescence assay
135
Most widely used supplementary test for confirming reactive HIV ELISA Ab test. Used to detect proteins
Wester blot assay
136
Indication of positive result for westernblot
Positive for At least 2 out of 3 Ab
137
Considered confirmatory for HIV
2 (+) ELISA’s. And 1 (+) western blot
138
Southern blot hybridization
Detects DNA
139
PCR
Tests HIV RNA
140
Norhtern blot
Measures mRNA Ag
141
Ab that appear relatively early after exposure to HIV
Anti-p24, anti-p55 (earliest is Anti-p24)
142
Ab that appear slightly later but remain throughout all diseases stages in an HIV-infected px
ANti-gp41, gp120, gp160
143
A rapid, qualitative test kit for the detection of Abs to all isotypes specific to HIV-1 including subtype-0 and HIV-2 SIMULTANEOUSLY IN HUMAN SERUM, PLASMA OR WHOLE BLOOD
SD BIOLINE HIV-1/2 3.0
144
What is the membrane pad of SD BIOLINE HIV-1/2 3.0 coated with?
HIV-1 capture antigen (gp41, p24) on test band 1 region, recombinant HIV-2 capture antigen (gp36) on test band 2 region
145
Mosquitoes that transmit dengue virus
Aedes aegypti, aedes albopticus
146
Ab that rises between 3-5 days of infection and may persist up to 60 days of dengue
IgM
147
Ab that appears a the 14th day and persists for life following dengue
IgG
148
Principle of SD bioline: rapid dengue IgG and IgM
Solid-phase immunochromatography
149
Highly conserved glycoprotein that is present at high concentrations in the sera of dengue-infected patients during the early clinical phase of the disease
NS1 Ag
150
Found from the first day and up to 9 days after onset of fever in samples of primary and secondary dengue infected patients
NS1 Ag
