Antibodies Flashcards
1
Q
Stage wherein secretion of the antibody happens
A
Plasma cells
2
Q
What are the surface markers that remains on the cell surface throughout the subsequent developmental stages of the B cell?
A
CD 19, CD24, CD45R, CD25
3
Q
What is used to determine the structure of immunoglobulins?
A
serum electrophoresis
4
Q
What material is used for the serum electrophoresis?
A
Agarose gel with ph 8.6
5
Q
Where do immunoglobulins appear during serum electrophoresis?
A
Gamma region
6
Q
They are the ones involved in the secretion of antibodies
A
immunoglobulins
7
Q
Functions of immunoglobulins
A
Opsonization, complement activation
8
Q
Most abundant protein in serum electrophoresis
A
Albumin
9
Q
Where is the albumin located during the serum electrophoretic activity?
A
Left side most corner
10
Q
In conjunction with Alpha 1, we have…
A
Alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha fetoprotein
11
Q
In conjunction with alpha 2 globulin, we have…
A
Ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, alpha 2 macroglobulin
12
Q
In conjunction with the beta globulin, we have…
A
Transferrin, hemopexin, complement system, fibrinogen, lipoproteins
13
Q
in what medical condition is beta-gamma bridging involved?
A
liver cirrhosis
14
Q
Apart from liver cirrhosis, a spike pattern within the gamma region is associated with what?
A
multiple myeloma
15
Q
most common protein seen in urine associated with multiple myeloma
A
bence jones proteins
16
Q
at what temperature does bence jones proteins precipitate and dissolve?
A
precipitate at 60C and dissolve at 80C
17
Q
non-covalent forces that hold together the h and l chains
A
disulfide bond
18
Q
who worked with IgG to discover the structure of Ig?
A
gerald edelman, rodney porter
19
Q
his work centered on the use of analytical ultracentrifuge to separate Ig on the basis of molecular weight
A
edelman
20
Q
what is the sedimentation coefficient of intact IgG?
A
7s
21
Q
what was used by edelman to obtain the 7s/unfold the molecule?
A
7M urea
22
Q
reducing agent used to cleave the exposed sulfhydryl bond
A
2-Mercapthoethanol
23
Q
sedimentation coefficient and molecular weight of H chain
A
3.5s, 50 000 D
24
Q
sedimentation coefficient and molecular weight of L chain
A
2.2 S, 22 000D
25
his work was based on the use of the proteolytic enzyme papain
porter
26
where was the Ig subjected for the papain digestion?
carboxymethyl cellulose ion exchange chromatography
27
what fragment crystallized at 4C?
FC
28
it has no antigen binding capacity; also known to represent the carboxyl terminal halves of the 2 h chains
fragment crystallizable
29
fragment found to have antigen binding capacity
FAB region
30
where is the fab fragment located?
n-terminal or amino terminal
31
he used pepsin to obtain additional evidence for the structure of Ig
Alfred Nisonoff
32
where does proteolytic enzyme cleave the IgG?
carboxy-terminal
33
similar to FC but disintegrated into smaller pieces
FC’
34
it cleaves the antibody into 2 fragments (1 fab, 1 fc)
pepsin digestion
35
it cleaves the antibody into 3 equal fragments ( 2 fab, 1fc)
papain digestion
36
under the pepsin digestion, what is the composition of 1 fab?
2 light chains, 2 halves of h chain
37
region in light chain associated with the variable region
fab region
38
region in light chain associated with the constant region
fc region
39
Ig light chains that has 2 domains and 4 domain heavy chain
IgG, IgA, IgD
40
Ig that has 2 domains on the light chain and 5 domains on the heavy chain
IgE, IgM
41
Component of fab fragment and fc fragment in papain digestion
FAB- 1 L chain and 1/2 of H chain
FC- 2 halves of H chain
42
Component of 1F(ab)2 and 1Fc in pepsin digestion
1F(ab)2- 2L chain and 2 halves of H chain
Fc- 2 halves of H chain
43
What revealed that there were 2 main types of L chains?
Analysis of bence jones proteins
44
Type of l chain that accounts for 200 amino acids
Kappa
45
Type of l chain that accounts for 220 amino acids
Lambda
46
What chromosome is kappa l chain encoded?
Chromosome 2
47
What chromosome is lambda l chain encoded?
Chromosome 22
48
This chain detects the immunoglobulin class
H CHAIN
49
Constant region of the heavy chain
CH1, CH2, CH3
50
Unique amino acid sequence
Isotype
51
Minor variation
Allotype
52
Variation in the variable region
Idiotype
53
Segment of H chain located between the CH1 and CH2 regions
Hinge region
54
What is the hinge region mainly composed of?
Amino acid proline
55
Allows for flexibility and makes the antigen binding sites work independently
Proline
56
Ig with proline
IgG, IgA, IgD
57
Where is the basic immunologic structure of hinge region based on?
Valence
58
How many antigen binding sites does monomer have?
2
59
How many antigen binding sites does dimer have?
4
60
How many antigen binding sites does polymer have?
More than 4
61
Monomers
IgG, IgD, IgE, Serum IgA, IgM found on surface area of b cells
62
Dimer
Secretory IgA
63
Polymer/Pentamer
IgM
64
Most predominant Ig in humans
Has 4 subclasses
IgG
65
All types of IgG can cross the placental barrier except:
IgG2
66
All types of IgG can participate in complement fixation except:
IgG4
67
Most effective Ig for complement fixation?
IgM
68
Most efficient IgG in precipitation reaction:
IgG
69
Most efficient Ig in agglutination reaction:
IgM
70
Aka macroglobulin
19s sedimentation rate
970 000 D
IgM
71
General Half-life of IgM
10 days
72
Half-life of IgM in serum
6 days
73
Half-life of IgG
23 days
74
Where is the pentamer form of IgM found?
Secretions
75
Where is the monomer form of IgM found?
Surface of B cells
76
Serves as linkage to the points for the disulfide bonds between the two adjacent monomers
J chain
77
These Ig has J chain
secretory IgA and IgM
78
Considered as the most primitive Ig
IgM
79
Ig that is first to appear in a maturing infant
IgM
80
Primary response antibody
IgM
81
Functions of IgM
Complement fixation, agglutination, opsonization, toxin neutralization
82
Function of IgG
Cross the placental barrier, complement fixation, opsonization, neutralization of toxins and viruses, participate in agglutination and precipitation
83
Ig that exhibits a star like shape appearance
IgM
84
How many valence does the IgM have?
10
85
Can the IgM cross the placental barrier?
No
86
It has longer lag phase and no antibody production
Primary response
87
When exposed again to the same antigen it shows shorter lag period with an increased antibody production
Secondary response
88
The Ig that is primarily involved in the secondary response
IgG
89
Does the IgM have memory cells?
No
90
Ig taht is sensitized within the plasma cells and is found in the MALT
IgA
91
Serum IgA
Monomer
Has 13 more amino acids in the hinge region
IgA1
92
secretory IgA
Dimer
Found in MALT, milk, sweat, tears, saliva
IgA2
93
Found in IgA2 that prevents degradation which makes IgA2 more resistant to some bacterial proteinases
Secretory component
94
Who primarily produces the secretory component?
Epithelial cells
95
Ig that is found on the surface of immunocompetent but unstimulated B lymphocytes
IgD
96
Second type of Ig to appear during antigenic stimulation
IgD
97
Least abundant Ig in the serum
Only 0.0005%
Most heat-labile
Does not participate in typical Ig reactions
IgE
98
Where do IgE attach by means of specific surface proteins?
Basophil and mast cells
99
Specific surface proteins found exclusively on basophils and mast cells
high affinity FCRI receptors
100
What type of hypersensitivity does the IgE accommodate?
Type 1 hypersensitivity
101
What type of hypersensitivity does IgG and IgM accommodate?
Type 2 and type 3
102
Is IgE involved in complement fixation?
No
103
Immune mechanism of the hypersensitivity reaction of IgE
Release mediators from mast cells and basophils
104
Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
Anaphylaxis, hay fever, food allergies, asthma
105
Immune mechanism for type 2 hypersensitivity reaction of IgG and IgM
Cytolysis due to antibody and complement
106
Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
transfusion reaction, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, HDN
107
Immune mechanism of IgG and IgM for type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
Deposits antigen-antibody complexes
108
Examples of type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
Serum sickness, arthus reaction, lupus erythomatosus
109
Cells responsible for mediating type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
T cells
110
Immune mechanism of t cells for type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
Release of cytokines
111
Examples of type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
contact dermatitis, tuberculin test, pneumonitis
112
Medical condition that is in conjunction with the RH result of mother and fetus (different)
hemolytic disease of the newborn
113
Contradictory RH between the mother and the fetus can lead to what
spontaneous abortion, miscarriage, death
114
What Ig can trigger the classical pathway?
IgG and IgM
115
What Ig can trigger the alternative pathway?
IgA
116
Postulated that certain cells had specific surface receptors for antigen that were present before contact with antigen occurred
Lock and key concept
Erlich’s side-chain theory
117
individual lymphocytes are genetically preprogrammed to produce one type of Ig
Clonal selection theory
118
Who independently supported the clonal selection theory?
Niels jerne and macfarlane burnet
119
Antibody producing cells are capable of synthesizing a generalized type of antibody and when contact with antigen occurs the antigen serves as a mold or template
Template theory
120
Who proposed the template theory?
Felix haurowitz
121
Produce antibody arising from a single b cell
Monoclonal antibody
122
Who discovered the technique to produce antibody arising from a single b cell?
George kohler and cesar milstein
123
It revolutionized serological testing
Monoclonal antibody
124
What enzyme does myeloma cells lack?
HGPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase)
125
Important enzyme to synthesize nucleotides from hypoxanthine and thymidin
HGPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase)
126
Culture of hybrid cells that results from the fusion of B cells and myeloma cells
Hybridoma
127
Cells that are harvested from the mouse after being injected by antigen
Spleen cells
128
Cancerous plasma cells
Myeloma cells
129
Media supplemented with this brings about the fusion of plasma cells with myeloma cells producing a hybridoma
PEG (polyethylene glycol)
130
What selective culture media are the fusion cells placed?
HAT (media with hypoxanthine, aminopterin, thymidine)
