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Immunology And Serology > Antibodies > Flashcards

Antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

Stage wherein secretion of the antibody happens

A

Plasma cells

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2
Q

What are the surface markers that remains on the cell surface throughout the subsequent developmental stages of the B cell?

A

CD 19, CD24, CD45R, CD25

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3
Q

What is used to determine the structure of immunoglobulins?

A

serum electrophoresis

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4
Q

What material is used for the serum electrophoresis?

A

Agarose gel with ph 8.6

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5
Q

Where do immunoglobulins appear during serum electrophoresis?

A

Gamma region

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6
Q

They are the ones involved in the secretion of antibodies

A

immunoglobulins

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7
Q

Functions of immunoglobulins

A

Opsonization, complement activation

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8
Q

Most abundant protein in serum electrophoresis

A

Albumin

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9
Q

Where is the albumin located during the serum electrophoretic activity?

A

Left side most corner

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10
Q

In conjunction with Alpha 1, we have…

A

Alpha 1 antitrypsin, alpha fetoprotein

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11
Q

In conjunction with alpha 2 globulin, we have…

A

Ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, alpha 2 macroglobulin

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12
Q

In conjunction with the beta globulin, we have…

A

Transferrin, hemopexin, complement system, fibrinogen, lipoproteins

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13
Q

in what medical condition is beta-gamma bridging involved?

A

liver cirrhosis

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14
Q

Apart from liver cirrhosis, a spike pattern within the gamma region is associated with what?

A

multiple myeloma

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15
Q

most common protein seen in urine associated with multiple myeloma

A

bence jones proteins

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16
Q

at what temperature does bence jones proteins precipitate and dissolve?

A

precipitate at 60C and dissolve at 80C

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17
Q

non-covalent forces that hold together the h and l chains

A

disulfide bond

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18
Q

who worked with IgG to discover the structure of Ig?

A

gerald edelman, rodney porter

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19
Q

his work centered on the use of analytical ultracentrifuge to separate Ig on the basis of molecular weight

A

edelman

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20
Q

what is the sedimentation coefficient of intact IgG?

A

7s

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21
Q

what was used by edelman to obtain the 7s/unfold the molecule?

A

7M urea

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22
Q

reducing agent used to cleave the exposed sulfhydryl bond

A

2-Mercapthoethanol

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23
Q

sedimentation coefficient and molecular weight of H chain

A

3.5s, 50 000 D

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24
Q

sedimentation coefficient and molecular weight of L chain

A

2.2 S, 22 000D

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25
Q

his work was based on the use of the proteolytic enzyme papain

A

porter

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26
Q

where was the Ig subjected for the papain digestion?

A

carboxymethyl cellulose ion exchange chromatography

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27
Q

what fragment crystallized at 4C?

A

FC

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28
Q

it has no antigen binding capacity; also known to represent the carboxyl terminal halves of the 2 h chains

A

fragment crystallizable

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29
Q

fragment found to have antigen binding capacity

A

FAB region

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30
Q

where is the fab fragment located?

A

n-terminal or amino terminal

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31
Q

he used pepsin to obtain additional evidence for the structure of Ig

A

Alfred Nisonoff

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32
Q

where does proteolytic enzyme cleave the IgG?

A

carboxy-terminal

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33
Q

similar to FC but disintegrated into smaller pieces

A

FC’

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34
Q

it cleaves the antibody into 2 fragments (1 fab, 1 fc)

A

pepsin digestion

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35
Q

it cleaves the antibody into 3 equal fragments ( 2 fab, 1fc)

A

papain digestion

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36
Q

under the pepsin digestion, what is the composition of 1 fab?

A

2 light chains, 2 halves of h chain

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37
Q

region in light chain associated with the variable region

A

fab region

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38
Q

region in light chain associated with the constant region

A

fc region

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39
Q

Ig light chains that has 2 domains and 4 domain heavy chain

A

IgG, IgA, IgD

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40
Q

Ig that has 2 domains on the light chain and 5 domains on the heavy chain

A

IgE, IgM

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41
Q

Component of fab fragment and fc fragment in papain digestion

A

FAB- 1 L chain and 1/2 of H chain
FC- 2 halves of H chain

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42
Q

Component of 1F(ab)2 and 1Fc in pepsin digestion

A

1F(ab)2- 2L chain and 2 halves of H chain
Fc- 2 halves of H chain

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43
Q

What revealed that there were 2 main types of L chains?

A

Analysis of bence jones proteins

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44
Q

Type of l chain that accounts for 200 amino acids

A

Kappa

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45
Q

Type of l chain that accounts for 220 amino acids

A

Lambda

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46
Q

What chromosome is kappa l chain encoded?

A

Chromosome 2

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47
Q

What chromosome is lambda l chain encoded?

A

Chromosome 22

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48
Q

This chain detects the immunoglobulin class

A

H CHAIN

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49
Q

Constant region of the heavy chain

A

CH1, CH2, CH3

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50
Q

Unique amino acid sequence

A

Isotype

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51
Q

Minor variation

A

Allotype

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52
Q

Variation in the variable region

A

Idiotype

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53
Q

Segment of H chain located between the CH1 and CH2 regions

A

Hinge region

54
Q

What is the hinge region mainly composed of?

A

Amino acid proline

55
Q

Allows for flexibility and makes the antigen binding sites work independently

A

Proline

56
Q

Ig with proline

A

IgG, IgA, IgD

57
Q

Where is the basic immunologic structure of hinge region based on?

A

Valence

58
Q

How many antigen binding sites does monomer have?

A

2

59
Q

How many antigen binding sites does dimer have?

A

4

60
Q

How many antigen binding sites does polymer have?

A

More than 4

61
Q

Monomers

A

IgG, IgD, IgE, Serum IgA, IgM found on surface area of b cells

62
Q

Dimer

A

Secretory IgA

63
Q

Polymer/Pentamer

A

IgM

64
Q

Most predominant Ig in humans
Has 4 subclasses

A

IgG

65
Q

All types of IgG can cross the placental barrier except:

A

IgG2

66
Q

All types of IgG can participate in complement fixation except:

A

IgG4

67
Q

Most effective Ig for complement fixation?

A

IgM

68
Q

Most efficient IgG in precipitation reaction:

A

IgG

69
Q

Most efficient Ig in agglutination reaction:

A

IgM

70
Q

Aka macroglobulin
19s sedimentation rate
970 000 D

A

IgM

71
Q

General Half-life of IgM

A

10 days

72
Q

Half-life of IgM in serum

A

6 days

73
Q

Half-life of IgG

A

23 days

74
Q

Where is the pentamer form of IgM found?

A

Secretions

75
Q

Where is the monomer form of IgM found?

A

Surface of B cells

76
Q

Serves as linkage to the points for the disulfide bonds between the two adjacent monomers

A

J chain

77
Q

These Ig has J chain

A

secretory IgA and IgM

78
Q

Considered as the most primitive Ig

A

IgM

79
Q

Ig that is first to appear in a maturing infant

A

IgM

80
Q

Primary response antibody

A

IgM

81
Q

Functions of IgM

A

Complement fixation, agglutination, opsonization, toxin neutralization

82
Q

Function of IgG

A

Cross the placental barrier, complement fixation, opsonization, neutralization of toxins and viruses, participate in agglutination and precipitation

83
Q

Ig that exhibits a star like shape appearance

A

IgM

84
Q

How many valence does the IgM have?

A

10

85
Q

Can the IgM cross the placental barrier?

A

No

86
Q

It has longer lag phase and no antibody production

A

Primary response

87
Q

When exposed again to the same antigen it shows shorter lag period with an increased antibody production

A

Secondary response

88
Q

The Ig that is primarily involved in the secondary response

A

IgG

89
Q

Does the IgM have memory cells?

A

No

90
Q

Ig taht is sensitized within the plasma cells and is found in the MALT

A

IgA

91
Q

Serum IgA
Monomer
Has 13 more amino acids in the hinge region

A

IgA1

92
Q

secretory IgA
Dimer
Found in MALT, milk, sweat, tears, saliva

A

IgA2

93
Q

Found in IgA2 that prevents degradation which makes IgA2 more resistant to some bacterial proteinases

A

Secretory component

94
Q

Who primarily produces the secretory component?

A

Epithelial cells

95
Q

Ig that is found on the surface of immunocompetent but unstimulated B lymphocytes

A

IgD

96
Q

Second type of Ig to appear during antigenic stimulation

A

IgD

97
Q

Least abundant Ig in the serum
Only 0.0005%
Most heat-labile
Does not participate in typical Ig reactions

A

IgE

98
Q

Where do IgE attach by means of specific surface proteins?

A

Basophil and mast cells

99
Q

Specific surface proteins found exclusively on basophils and mast cells

A

high affinity FCRI receptors

100
Q

What type of hypersensitivity does the IgE accommodate?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity

101
Q

What type of hypersensitivity does IgG and IgM accommodate?

A

Type 2 and type 3

102
Q

Is IgE involved in complement fixation?

A

No

103
Q

Immune mechanism of the hypersensitivity reaction of IgE

A

Release mediators from mast cells and basophils

104
Q

Examples of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

A

Anaphylaxis, hay fever, food allergies, asthma

105
Q

Immune mechanism for type 2 hypersensitivity reaction of IgG and IgM

A

Cytolysis due to antibody and complement

106
Q

Examples of type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

A

transfusion reaction, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, HDN

107
Q

Immune mechanism of IgG and IgM for type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Deposits antigen-antibody complexes

108
Q

Examples of type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Serum sickness, arthus reaction, lupus erythomatosus

109
Q

Cells responsible for mediating type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

T cells

110
Q

Immune mechanism of t cells for type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Release of cytokines

111
Q

Examples of type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

contact dermatitis, tuberculin test, pneumonitis

112
Q

Medical condition that is in conjunction with the RH result of mother and fetus (different)

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn

113
Q

Contradictory RH between the mother and the fetus can lead to what

A

spontaneous abortion, miscarriage, death

114
Q

What Ig can trigger the classical pathway?

A

IgG and IgM

115
Q

What Ig can trigger the alternative pathway?

A

IgA

116
Q

Postulated that certain cells had specific surface receptors for antigen that were present before contact with antigen occurred
Lock and key concept

A

Erlich’s side-chain theory

117
Q

individual lymphocytes are genetically preprogrammed to produce one type of Ig

A

Clonal selection theory

118
Q

Who independently supported the clonal selection theory?

A

Niels jerne and macfarlane burnet

119
Q

Antibody producing cells are capable of synthesizing a generalized type of antibody and when contact with antigen occurs the antigen serves as a mold or template

A

Template theory

120
Q

Who proposed the template theory?

A

Felix haurowitz

121
Q

Produce antibody arising from a single b cell

A

Monoclonal antibody

122
Q

Who discovered the technique to produce antibody arising from a single b cell?

A

George kohler and cesar milstein

123
Q

It revolutionized serological testing

A

Monoclonal antibody

124
Q

What enzyme does myeloma cells lack?

A

HGPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase)

125
Q

Important enzyme to synthesize nucleotides from hypoxanthine and thymidin

A

HGPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase)

126
Q

Culture of hybrid cells that results from the fusion of B cells and myeloma cells

A

Hybridoma

127
Q

Cells that are harvested from the mouse after being injected by antigen

A

Spleen cells

128
Q

Cancerous plasma cells

A

Myeloma cells

129
Q

Media supplemented with this brings about the fusion of plasma cells with myeloma cells producing a hybridoma

A

PEG (polyethylene glycol)

130
Q

What selective culture media are the fusion cells placed?

A

HAT (media with hypoxanthine, aminopterin, thymidine)

Immunology And Serology (11 decks)

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