FINALS rebyuwer Flashcards
Includes cultural mannerisms, religion, politics, laws, and social aspirations of a group of people
ETHOS
- able to distinguish between good and evil, right or wrong, moral or immoral.
- obligation to do what is good
and to avoid what is evil. - his actions, expecting reward or
punishments for them.
ETHOS OF MAN AS MAN
- science of the morality of human acts
- study of human motivation
ETHICS
Concerns the morality of human acts
Motives
Deals with deliberate and
free human activity and how one should act.
Human Conduct
- knowingly and freely
- deliberate or intentional actions or
voluntary actions - “acts of man”
which are instinctive and involuntary
HUMAN ACTS
when they agree with the dictates of reason.
Good
when they do not agree with the dictates of divine and human reason
Evil
quality of human acts by which they are constituted as good, bad, or indifferent.
MORALITY
Human acts reveal the thoughts and inclinations of a person doing them.
NORM OF MORALITY
A person who has the habit or inclination to do
good is said to be
virtuous
one who has the habit of doing wrong is
vicious
WHAT IS HUMAN REASON?
acts in a word of conscience
The Eternal Law
Divine Reason
The Conscience
Human Reason
then doing of an act which is contrary to good
conscience
Immorality
everything which is done contrary to justice, or
good morals.
MORAL TURPITUDE
“the conduct, which is willful, flagrant (blatant,
unashamed or shameless)
IMMORAL CONDUCT
what a person really is, and not what he
or other people think he is.
- not a subjective term, but one which
corresponds to objective reality
Moral character
- If there are no sets of governing rules to limit the parameter and tame the exercise of the profession.
What do you think
will happen?
- Anarchic (lawless, chaotic, disordered
- Riotous (violent)
- Lawbreaking
- Defiant or disobedient (insolent)
- Aggressive (hostile or antagonistic)
1992 Code of Ethics of Medical Technologist under the Presidency of
Mrs. Marilyn Atienza
Revised Medical Technology Code of Ethics of March 07, 1997, under the presidency of
Norma N. Chang
branch of moral science that treats the duties a
medical technologist owes to his patient, his colleagues in the profession and in the public
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ETHICS
“healing” but also “holiness and
wholeness.”
- denotes completeness
HEALTH
Defined in terms of standard physiological parameters.
HEALTH IN MEDICINE
Health is better as
- At the biological and physiological levels, social and spiritual needs
optional functioning.
State of complete physical, mental, and social
being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health
Illness, Sickness, Complaint
Subjective terms
Disease, Malady, ailment disorder
Objective terms
diseases as separate entities
- devils, contagious, morbid matters, bacteria, genetic diseases, neuroses, psychoses
ONTOLOGICAL
- breakdown of the internal harmony
- hyperfunctioning or hypofunctioning of an organ.
PHYSIOLOGICAL
Branch of ethics which deals directly with the problems of life and dying, of health and healing.
BIOETHICS
Division of Ethics that relates to human life as the Ethics of the life science and health care, both delivery and research.
- more limited as it continues itself
to the moral behavior in relation to health.
HEALTH ETHICS
- division of Ethics that relates to professional behavior
- practice of a profession cannot be regulated entirely by legislation.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
- the law is silent or inadequate.
CODE OF ETHICS
Indispensable knowledge.
Ethics
True measure of what man ought to be
MORAL INTEGRITY
“Forgetting that man’s greatness, perfection, and happiness, his whole meaning in fact, consist in transcending the commonly accepted human good.”
Jacques Leclercq
- Foundation of every human society
- standard of behavior.
MORALITY
As a Human Person, he must be respected regardlessof:
o Nature of Health
o Problem
o Social Status
o Competence
o Post Actions
The human being is not definable merely as a Static Entity. But rather a
Dynamic System of Needs
Actions man performs knowingly, freely, and
voluntarily or acts which proceed from the
deliberate free will of man
- Man knows what he is doing and
freely chooses to do what he does
HUMAN ACTS
o Actions which happen in man.
o They are Instinctive.
▪ Not within the control of the will.
ACTS OF MAN
What it is about and what it means.
Must be performed by a Conscious Agent
KNOWLEDGE
To do or to leave it undone without coercion or
constraint.
- Implies Voluntariness.
FREEDOM
- Must be performed by an agent Who Decides Willfully to Perform the Act.
WILLINGFULLNESS
Proximate Norm of Morality
Determine what ought to be done in a given
situation
“Trial of Oneself”
CONSCIENCE
A reproving conscience is called a
“Guilty Conscience.”
Judges what is good as good and what is evil
as evil
i. Tells that getting the property of
another without consent is stealing.
ii. Judges that we ought to pay our
debts
CORRECT OR TRUE CONSCIENCE
Judges incorrectly that what is good as evil
and what is evil is good
. It is an erroneous conscience which
tells the husband to have a mistress.
ERRONEOUS OR FALSE CONSCIENCE
KINDS OF ERRONEOUS CONSCIENCE
INCULPABLE CONSCIENCE and CULPABLE CONSCIENCE
- Error is not willfully
intended. - Ex: A person who is
unaware of it, pays for the
grocery with bogus money.
a. Ignorance of the
Fact.
INCULPABLE CONSCIENCE
- Error is due to neglect, or
malice. - Ex: A person who believes
that cheating is good since it
helps us pass the exam and
everybody does it anyway
CULPABLE CONSCIENCE
→ Voluntary Error
a. Voluntary at the
part of the person
Culpable
→ Involuntary
Error
a. Honest Mistake
Inculpable
Subjective assurance of lawfulness or
unlawfulness of a certain act.
i. Implies that the person is sure of his
decision.
ii. Ex: It is possible for a policeman to
be sure that killing the suspect is the
best alternative under the principle of
self-defense, whereas such killing is
in fact unnecessary
CERTAIN CONSCIENCE
a. Vacillating Conscience.
b. Unable to form a definite on a certain action.
c. Must first be allowed to settle its doubts before an action is performed.
DOUBTFUL CONSCIENCE
a. Rigorous Conscience
b. Extremely afraid of committing evil.
SCRUPULOUS CONSCIENCE
a. Refuses to be bothered about the distinction
of good and evil.
b. Justify the impulse of “bahala na.”
i. On matters of morals are acting with
a lax conscience.
LAX CONSCIENCE
Used for any prestigious occupation.
o Has an aura of an ideal
- Symbol rather than a reality
PROFESSION
explains the profession in terms of
social value
Robert Merton
Robert Merton explains the profession in terms of social value
- Knowing
- Doing
- Helping
Value placed upon systematic knowledge and intellect.
Knowing
The value placed upon technical skills and trained capacity
Doing
Helping placed upon putting his
conjoint knowledge and skill to word
in the service of others.
Value
use a scale to define professionals based on 6 operational attributes.
Moore & Rosenblum
- Obligation to provide healthcare
- Limitations to healthcare provision
HEALTHCARE PROVISION
o He admits that he is sick.
o He can no longer take care of himself and so
he asks for help or aid
sick individual becomes a patient
o Must be a Patient Advocate.
- committed to healthcare
- Keep the patient’s best interest as his
first priority.
HEALTHCARE PROVIDER
▪ Contribute Knowledge.
▪ Conduct himself in an ethical
professional way.
▪ Be worthy of being a role model to
his younger colleagues.
▪ Must maintain and upgrade the
standards of his profession.
As an Authority:
▪ Stand for Justice for the poor.
▪ Make healthcare available at a
reasonable cost.
▪ Avoid the temptation to exploit or
take advantage of the patient.
▪ Always care about human values
Manifest a Social Conscience
interaction between two parties in which the law recognized a private, protected
relationship.
Privileged Communication
Code of Ethics is promulgated to provide the medical technologist with proper ethical and professional standards
PREAMBLE
1.Faithfulness
2.Conscientiousness
3.Politeness
4.Courtesy
5.Caring
VIRTUES
violation of any section of the Code of Ethics
shall constitute unethical and unprofessional conduct, and shall therefore be a sufficient ground to reprimand, suspend, or revoke the Certificate of Registration
ARTICLE VI: PENAL PROVISIONS
in consultation with the Accredited Professional
Organization (APO) and other stakeholders.
ARTICLE VII: AMENDMENTS
Code of Ethics shall take effect after fifteen (15) days Following its publication in the Official Gazette or in any newspaper of general circulation
ARTICLE VIII: EFFECTIVITY
Loyal, firm in adherence to promises or in observance of duty: conscientious
- Faithfulness comes from a place of truth and loyalty
FAITHFULNESS
- Holding onto a belief system
- Staying on the path of goodness
- Patience
STEADFASTNESS
personality trait of being careful, or diligent.
- desire to do a task well, and to
take obligations to others seriously.
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
application of good manners or etiquette so
as not to offend others.
POLITENESS
Showing a politeness in one’s attitude and behavior toward others
COURTESY
deon - duty
primarily concerned with
adherence to certain rules or duties.
CONSEQUENCES DO NOT MATTER
- intention is relevant
DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS
way a person conducts himself/herself in
the workplace.
PROFESSIONALISM
- Reliability, Humility, Etiquette, Neatness, Consideration, Dedication, Organization, Accountability, Integrity, and
Expertise
10 QUALITIES OF PROFESSIONAL PEOPLE
able to be trusted to do what is expected
- means that results
are consistent.
RELIABILITY
Results are consistent.
Validity
outcomes are consistent
RELIABILITY
measure exactly what you want them
to measure
VALIDITY
belief that all people hold a special value that’s tied solely to their humanity
UPHOLDING HUMAN DIGNITY
process of groups of organisms working or acting together for common
ARTICLE IV: SECTION 1 TO 3
COOPERATION
must uphold public trust
and confidence
GOOD PRACTICE
It is the state or quality of being worthy of honor or respect
- A sense of pride in oneself; self-respect
DIGNITY
- A feeling of deep admiration for someone or something elicited by their abilities, qualities, or achievements.
RESPECT
description of random errors, a
measure of statistical variability.
precision
“I shall commit myself to continuously improve my professional skills and knowledge”
CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS
The ability to notice and predict opportunities, problems, and
solutions
OBSERVATION
The gathering, understanding, and interpreting of data and
other information
ANALYSIS
Drawing conclusions based on relevant data information and
personal knowledge and experience
INFERENCE
The process of gathering, analysis, and communicating
information to identify and troubleshoot solutions.
PROBLEM SOLVING
it is about creating learning processes
Peter Senge
exchange of skills, information, and expertise among a network or a group of people.
KNOWLEDGE SHARING
national organization of all registered medical
technologists in the Philippines
PAMET
(Recognized as the
father of PAMET)
Mr. Crisanto Almario
FIRST PAMET PRESIDENT DURING ITS FIRST NATIONAL CONVENTION HELD AT THE FEU SEPT 20, 1964
Mr. Charlemagne Tamondong
FIRST PAMET ELECTION
1964
Act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
FAIRNESS
Act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
FAIRNESS
- Intends to help recipient improve
- Delivers considerately with a positive attitude
- Focuses on a situation, behavior or issue
- offers specific, actionable objective feedback
CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM
- Intends to insult or embarrass the recipient
- Delivers inconsiderately with a negative attitude
- Focuses on the individual or their personal attributes
- Offers vague, nonactionable subjective feedback
DESTRUCTIVE CRITICISM
morality that advocates actions that foster
happiness or pleasure
“Be dedicated to the use of Clinical Laboratory science to promote life and benefit mankind.”
UTILITARIANISM
ethical principle of promoting good
- all choices for a patient are made
with the intent to do good.
BENIFICENCE
avoid causing harm.
nonmaleficence
Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have a right to do and what is right to do
Potter Stewart
Ethics is a code of values which guide our choices and actions and determine the purpose and course of our lives
Ayn Rand
philosophical discipline that deals with the study of the morality of human conduct
- concerned with the ethical implications of
medical practice e
BIOETHICS
a steward has the
obligation to take good care and improve a thing or asset entrusted to him/her
STEWARDSHIP PRINCIPLE
Means that the parts of the physical entity
- CLASSIC CRITERION in dealing with
concerns about mutilation, organ donation, and transplantation while preserving the sanctity
TOTALITY PRINCIPLE
- patients have a serious need that can only be
satisfied by organ donation - f donation reduces “anatomical integrity, it should not diminish the functional integrity
- donation as “an act of charity [to be]
proportionate to the good resulting of the recipient. - “free and informed consent” by the donor
SUMMARY OF MORAL TEACHINGS
it is permissible to cause harm as
a side effect (or double effect) of bringing about a good result
DOUBLE EFFECT PRINCIPLE
differentiates the action
of the wrongdoer from the action of the cooperator.
PRINCIPLE OF COOPERATION
does not intend the object
wrongdoer’s activity but
actively participating in the
deed by which the evil is
performed
MATERNAL COOPERATION
willing participation on the part of
the cooperative agent in the sinful act of the principal agent
FORMAL COOPERATION
self-rule or selfdetermination.
autonomy
Requires that healthcare professional should do NO HARM.
PRINCIPLE OF NON-MALEFICENCE
Requires that healthcare professional should do NO HARM.
PRINCIPLE OF NON-MALEFICENCE
healthcare professionals SHOULD ACT
FAIRLY when the interests of different individuals or groups are in competition.
PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE
balancing the competing interest of individual and groups against one
another
COMPARATIVE JUSTICE
Fair distribution of healthcare services to all
* It is implemented by observing the first come, first serve policy in providing clinical laboratory services without distinction of their inherent interest
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
that requires the application of ethical
principles for its resolution
ethical dispute
demands for respect and protection of
life.
PRO-LIFE
– attempts to calibrate the extent of
respect and protection due to life.
PRO-CHOICE
require the application of bioethical
principles to a certain ethical injury
Bioethical issues
Primarily concerned with the interpretation or application of the law
Legal issues
a. Abortion
b. Euthanasia and assisted suicide
DESTRUCTION OF LIFE
a. Withholding life support
b. Organ Transplantation
SUSTAINING LIFE
- termination of pregnancy before the
viability of the fetus - willful killing of the fetus in the
uterus or violent removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from maternal
Abortion
oNatural causes
oOvert acts
oPerformed for personal reasons (Elective abortion)
Ethical conflict ensues that when a person
arrogates for autonomy in resulting to
abortion. However, elective abortion
practiced by a pregnant women or even her
parents, even if she consented is a forbidden
act in our country.
oTherapeutic abortion
One of the main focus of ethical concerns.
In therapeutic abortion, physicians are
confronted where there is an avoidable result
of a medical intervention.
Abortion may due to:
One of the main focus of ethical concerns
- physicians are confronted where there is an avoidable result of a medical intervention.
Therapeutic abortion
practice of painlessly putting death a person
SUFFERING FROM AN INCURABLE DISEASE
mercy killing
- speed up the process of dying.
- introduces a chemical agent that results
to an ultimate death of a dying patient. - It may be committed with or without the consent of the dying patient.
ALL PROHIBITED IN THE COUNTRY (ETHICAL AND LEGAL STANDPOINT).
ACTIVE EUTHANASIA
no heretic measure taken to preserve life.
- They have the right to refuse.
- Without any waiver, a healthcare
practitioner may be liable for medical negligence.
PASSIVE EUTHANASIA
- Refers to the decision of the
patient or his/her representative to refrain from giving permission for
treatment or care
WITHHOLDING
TREATMENT
Refers to the decision of the
patient or his/her
representative to discontinue
activities or remove forms
of patient care
WITHDRAWING
TREATMENT
Form of surgery wherein one body part is
transferred from one site to another or from one individual to another.
Organ Transplantation
tissue transplanted from one part of the body in the same
individual
AUTOGRAPH OR AUTOTRANSPLAN
– transplant of an organ or tissue from one individual to another
ALLOGRAPH OR HOMOGRAPH
refers to a surgical graph (surgery) of tissue from animals (non-human being) to humans.
XENOGRAPH OR HETEROGRAPHY
