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Child Development > finals > Flashcards

finals Flashcards

1
Q

What is authoritative parenting?

A

demanding, warm

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2
Q

What is authoritarian parenting?

A

demanding, cold

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3
Q

What is permissive parenting?

A

undemanding, warm

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4
Q

What is negligent parenting?

A

undemanding, cold

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5
Q

What is nature?

A

biologically set behaviors

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6
Q

What is nurture?

A

gain behaviors through experience

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7
Q

What happens first in the conception process?

A

Seminal vesicles create majority of fluid that makes up semen

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8
Q

What happens after seminal vesicles make fluid?

A

fluid is expelled into ejaculatory duct

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9
Q

What happens after fluid is in ejaculatory duct?

A

Fluid mixes with sperm in tesitcles

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10
Q

What happens after sperm and semen are mixed?

A

Sperm is transported through vas deferens to penis

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11
Q

What happens after sperm is in penis?

A

Sperm enters vagina

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12
Q

What happens after the sperm enters the vagina?

A

Sperm travels up vaginal canal

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13
Q

What happens after the sperm is in the vaginal canal?

A

Sperm and egg meet in outer portion of fallopian tube (fertilization)

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14
Q

What happens after egg is fertilized?

A

Fertilized egg travels down fallopian tube into uterus

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15
Q

What happens after the fertilized egg reaches the uterus?

A

Egg attaches to uterus lining for nourishment

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16
Q

What happens after the fertilized egg is attached to the uterus?

A

Egg develops for 9 months into a baby

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17
Q

What is fertility?

A

the ability to have children

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18
Q

What is fertilization?

A

When the egg and sperm meet; becoming an embryo

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19
Q

Forms of assisted reproduction (6)

A

GIFT, IUI, adoption, egg donation, hormone therapy, surrogacy

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20
Q

What is GIFT?

A

Catheter combines sperm and egg, implants into uterus. Allows for biological mothers/fathers while increasing chances of getting pregnant

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21
Q

What is IUI?

A

Cleaned sperm put into uterus using speculum/injection. Helps speed conception process

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22
Q

What is adoption?

A

Legally taking someone’s child and raising them. Helps kids in bad spots and parents who have reasons for not wanting a biological child

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23
Q

What is egg donation?

A

Someone donates eggs to someone who wants to have a child and can’t use their own eggs. Helps people with medical conditions

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24
Q

What is hormone therapy?

A

using hormones to correct current hormones that prevent pregnancy

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25
Q

What is surrogacy?

A

a woman carries and delivers a baby in place of the intended mother. Lets people who can’t give birth have a child without adoption and with biological connection

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26
Q

What are symptoms of HPV?

A

itching, warts, bleeding after intercourse

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27
Q

What are symptoms of herpes?

A

sores, blisters

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28
Q

What are symptoms of Chlamydia?

A

genital pain, discharge from vagina/penis, swelling, pelvic pain

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29
Q

What are symptoms of pubic lice?

A

itching, spots/dots, crusted/sticky eyelashes

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30
Q

What are symptoms of gonorrhea?

A

watery/creamy/greenish vaginal discharge, painful urination

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31
Q

What are symptoms of HIV/AIDS?

A

fever, sore throat, fatigue, weight loss, other infections, poor motor skills

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32
Q

What are symptoms of syphilis?

A

painles sore, rash, damage to brain/nerves/eyes/heart

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33
Q

Reasons for infertility

A

age, STD, injury, medications, genetics, stress/mental security, consistent use of drugs/alcohol/chemicals/radiation, weight, fallopian tube damage/blockage

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34
Q

What is abstinence?

A

choosing not to have sex; 100% STD + pregnancy free

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35
Q

What are oral contraceptives (pill)?

A

hormones that block LH surge/egg releasing. Same time each day, no STD protection

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36
Q

What is IUD?

A

T-shaped plastic inserted into uterus that blocks sperm. 3-12 years, no STD protection

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37
Q

What is The Implant?

A

rod implanted in arm, releases progesterone to prevent eggs’ release. 3 years, no STD protection

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38
Q

What is Depo-Provera Injections

A

once every four months, insert progesterone. no STD prevention

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39
Q

What is vaginal ring?

A

releases hormones to stop eggs from releasing, 99% effective, no STD protection, 3 weeks

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40
Q

What is emergency contraception?

A

prevents egg release to fertilization, 24 hours. No STD prevention, use only in emergencies

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41
Q

What is external condom?

A

latex, covers penis to trap sperm without contacting egg. STD protection when used correctly

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42
Q

What is internal condom?

A

Liner put in vagina, keeps sperm out of uterus. STD protection when used correctly

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43
Q

What is patch?

A

continually releases hormones into skin to prevent ovulation. Replaced weekly, no STD protection

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44
Q

Why is it good to understand ovulation?

A

You can understand when you’re most fertile

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45
Q

What characterizes 1 trimester?

A

rapid hormonal/physical change
weight gain
no extra calorie intake

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46
Q

What characterizes 2 trimester?

A

differences in skin
mood swings
feel baby moving
heartburn
extra 340 calories/day

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47
Q

What characterizes 3 trimester?

A

frequent doctor visits
fatigue
abdomen enlarges
extra 400-500 calories/day

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48
Q

What are the main food groups?

A

Dairy, grain, fruit, vegetable, protein

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49
Q

What could happen to baby with overweight/underweight mother?

A

Overweight: diabetes
Underweight: chronic illness

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50
Q

What are the stages of fetus development?

A

Gestation→Zygote→Embryo→Fetus

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51
Q

How many weeks is the first trimester?

A

0-13 weeks

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52
Q

How many months in 2 trimester?

A

4-6 months

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53
Q

How many months is 3 trimester?

A

7-9/10 months

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54
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of autism

A

social impairments, communication difficulties, repetitive/restricted/stereotyped behavior patterns
no cause
no cure

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55
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of cerebral palsy

A

Group of disorders with brain/nervous system functions, developmental delays (spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, hypotonic, mixed types)
Caused by injuries/abnormalities of brain
No cure

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56
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of cleft lip/pallet

A

Affect upper lip+roof of mouth, feeding and speech issues
Caused by genes, drugs/viruses/toxins, other syndromes
Surgery within 6 weeks - 9 months

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57
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of clubfoot

A

Foot is twisted/out of shape
Caused by breaching or genetics
Braces/splints to correct bones

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58
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of colorblindness

A

Seeing colors in an unusual way, chronic
Problems with eye pigments, genetic
No cure

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59
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of cystic fibrosis

A

Mucus builds up, leads to trouble breathing
Genetic
Antibiotics, inhaler, therapy

60
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of diabetes

A

High blood sugar, chronic
Genes or viruses are possible factors
No cure

61
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of down syndrome

A

Slowed development in body and brain
Genetic; extra chromosome
No cure

62
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of hemophilia

A

Takes long time for blood to clot bleeding
Inherited
Replace missing clotting factor (gene therapy)

63
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of Huntington’s Disease

A

Rigidity, slow movement, tremors. Worsens over time
Genetic
No cure

64
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of hydrocephalus

A

Irritability, seizures, sleepiness, vomiting, soft spot on head, eyes gazing downward
CSF flow is disrupted
Surgery; goal is to prevent damage

65
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of Marfan Syndrome

A

Skeleton, cardio, eyes, skin disorders. Tall, long arms, spider-like fingers.
Inherited or sporadic
Vision issues can be treated; medicines and surgery to replace root+valve

66
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of muscular dystrophy

A

Muscle weakness, worse over time
Inherited
No cures

67
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of sickle cell anemia

A

Episodes, breathlessness, delayed development, fatigue, fever, jaundice, paleness, rapid heart rate.
Inherited, abnormal hemoglobin
Constant treatment

68
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of Tay-Sachs Disease

A

mental/physical deterioration
Genetic
No cure; high death rate before 4 years

69
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of thalassemia

A

Facial bone deformities, fatigue, growth failure, liver/spleen swelling, shortness of breath, jaundice.
Abnormal hemoglobin
Blood transfusions, folate supplements

70
Q

Symptoms, cause, and cure of toxoplasmosis

A

Retina swelling; mostly no symptoms
Due to cats
Medicines

71
Q

What are the stages of birth?

A

Preparing for Birth
Pushing and Birthing
Afterbirth

72
Q

What happens during Stage 1, early labor?

A

Cervix begins dilating, water breaks, contractions begin (mild-moderate pain)

73
Q

What happens during Stage 1, active labor?

A

cervix fully dilated, longer/stronger/sooner contractions, bloody discharge, nausea, most painful

74
Q

What happens during Stage 2?

A

lighter contractions, urge to push, crowning, baby changes positions, baby is born

75
Q

What happens during Stage 3?

A

slight contractions to deliver placenta, uterus contracts to seal open veins and stop bleeding, if episiotomy stitches applied and catheter removed

76
Q

Why might a c-section be performed?

A

infant distress, fetus too large, pre-eclampsia, breeching

77
Q

What are the benefits of c-sections?

A

no contractions, reduce stress/birth trauma to baby, fewer likely complications

78
Q

What levels to go through in c-sections?

A

skin → fat → fascia → peritoneum → bladder → uterus → amniotic fluids

79
Q

What is the healthy weight gain for pregnancy?

A

25-30 lbs.

80
Q

What does the Apgar test do?

A

tests newborn’s physical condition + chance of survival

81
Q

What does the Apgar test test?

A

heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, color

82
Q

When should the Apgar tests be given? What should the scores be?

A

1 minute after birth: 6-7
5 minutes after birth: 8-10

83
Q

What does the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale do?

A

tests behaviors of social and neurological functions. uses brazelton scale

84
Q

Wha does the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale test?

A

interaction with environment, motor processes, control of physical state, response to stress

85
Q

What are some tests given after birth to baby?

A

blood tests (anemia)
disorders (from heel; 55 screened, 29 treatable)
phenylketonuria (disease causing mental deterioration if untreated)
galactosemia (can’t convert milk’s sugar to glucose; causes blindness, deterioration, death)
sickle cell anemia (causes anemia, pain, damage to vital organs, death)

86
Q

Premature baby facts

A

12% born premature
Can cause congenital problems with heart, digestive tract, spine, brain
ICN or NICU keeps newborns breathing, monitors heart rate

87
Q

What are some physical traits of newborns?

A

Average 7 lbs. 20 inches, grows 1 ½ lbs. and 1 inch during first month, head is ¼ total length, round chest, protruding stomach, legs drawn up, short, almost no neck, broad, flat nose, tiny jaw+chin (helps them suck more) cranium: Fontanels (soft spots) close between 1-2 years; brain growth slows, thin/dry, blotchy/ruddy, loose/wrinkly, etc. skin, usually get rash 1-2 days after birth, small, dull blue eyes, real eye color at 6 months, tears at 3 months, sucking pads in cheeks, maybe 1+ teeth at birth

88
Q

Physical needs of newborns

A

Feeding; breast milk recommended for first year
Burping; after/during feeding
Diapers; rashes in warm/moist areas
Bathing; sponge baths until naval heals

89
Q

How do infants feel love?

A

needs object concept, eventually get fullness/comfort from caregiver, attachment to caregivers/familiar objects

90
Q

How do infants feel fear?

A

startle reflex isn’t true fear. 4-5 months, fear adult strangers. 6 months, know they can be hurt. Fear of unknown. Fearful babies won’t learn from lack of new experiences

91
Q

How do infants feel anxiety?

A

separation anxiety is first anxiety. Younger than 2 years don’t know why parents have to leave

92
Q

How do infants feel anger

A

Anger from distress; held against will, toys taken away, distraction when they want their needs met. Physical display because they lack language. looks like swinging arms/legs, turning red, crying loudly

93
Q

What is the goal of trust vs. mistrust?

A

develop trust but leave capacity for mistrust.

94
Q

What leads to trust? What leads to mistrust?

A

trust: dependability, quality of care
mistrust: lack of care, unpredictability

95
Q

What are the infant types of play?

A

Unoccupied behavior (no specific activity) and solitary play (playing alone without interest in anyone else)

96
Q

When do infants gain voluntary motor skills? (not reflexes)

A

2 months

97
Q

When does infant vision fully develop?

A

8-12 months=full adult vision

98
Q

When does memory develop?

A

6 months-12 years

99
Q

What are the three ways of perception?

A

compare/contrast
organize information
reaction to sensory information

100
Q

What is the Theory of Cognitive Development?

A

children are active learners that follow a biological process. Gain understandings of the world in the form of schemas.

101
Q

How are schemas formed?

A

assimilation and accommodation

102
Q

What is assimilation?

A

fitting experience into existing schema if experience is similar

103
Q

What is accommodation?

A

existing schemas changed, new schemas developed if experience is different than every other experience

104
Q

What developmental stage are infants in?

A

sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)

105
Q

What are some characteristics of sensorimotor stage?

A

information gained through senses. manipulates perceives bud doesn’t reason. symbols internalized through language development.

106
Q

What is object constant?

A

objects stay the same even if they appear different

107
Q

What is object concept?

A

people/object/events are separate from child’s interactions

108
Q

What is object identity?

A

object is same from one time to the next

109
Q

What is object permanence?

A

objects exist even when not sensed

110
Q

What are 1-2 month developmental milestones?

A

information through senses
eye contact
faces to objects
familiar/unfamiliar voices

111
Q

What are 3-4 month developmental milestones?

A

familiar/unfamiliar faces
vowel-consonant combinations
smile/frown

112
Q

What are 5-6 month developmental milestones?

A

alert longer
studies objects
recognize own name
friendly/angry voices
basic native language sounds

113
Q

What are 7-8 month developmental milestones?

A

imitates others
cause and effect
remembers past events
sort objects by size
solve simple problems
forms more complex sounds
recognizes words
babbling

114
Q

What are 9-10 month developmental milestones?

A

look for dropped objects
responds to simple phrases
moves objects in and out of containers
begins speaking few words

115
Q

What are 11-12 month developmental milestones?

A

points/identifies objects
stacks blocks inside each other
mama and dada
more simple phrases
speaks few words regularly

116
Q

What are characteristics of toddler’s physical growth?

A

Development slows
bones harden
brain matures very fast
fat deposits decrease
Body proportions change
improves balance and
motor skills
Gross and fine motor skills develop
at own rate
size, health, diet, interest,
temperament,
opportunities

117
Q

What motor skills develop as a toddler?

A

walking, grabbing/holding, hand-eye coordination, feed/dress self, toilet training

118
Q

What is dramatic play?

A

single child imitating person/situation

119
Q

What is socio-dramatic play?

A

several children imitating person/situation

120
Q

What is personification?

A

assigning human traits to objects

121
Q

What is projection?

A

putting own emotions onto another person/object

122
Q

What is pretend play?

A

dramatic play/playing pretend, learn about world

123
Q

What is onlooker behavior?

A

interacting and watching another child

124
Q

What is unoccupied behavior?

A

no specific activity, fidgeting, daydreaming

125
Q

What is solitary play?

A

independent and totally involved in own play

126
Q

What is parallel play?

A

not interacting but playing with similar toys

127
Q

What is associative play?

A

independent roles in large group, with interaction

128
Q

What is cooperative play?

A

2+ children, groups with roles, leader/follower

129
Q

What is manipulative play?

A

handle props incorrectly

130
Q

What is functional stage?

A

use props as intended

131
Q

What is imaginative stage?

A

can substitute props

132
Q

What is role play?

A

mimics actions of others

133
Q

What is coaching?

A

give children ideas for difficult situations

134
Q

What is modeling?

A

showing appropriate behavior

135
Q

What is a prop box?

A

box containing materials to give roles/themes to learn

136
Q

What substages of sensorimotor stage are toddlers in? What are the descriptions?

A

5: tertiary circular reactions; experiment with objects/behaviors, discover attributes
6: mental imagery or representation; think through sequence, object permanence, critical thinking

137
Q

What is / how do you deal with egocentrism?

A

thinking only about what they need/want
let them make their own decisions, be patient

138
Q

What is / how do you deal with negativism?

A

doing the opposite of what is asked
teach positive behavior, ignore bad behavior

139
Q

What is / how do you deal with stubbornness?

A

does what they want/what was asked on own time/way
listen, don’t argue, give options

140
Q

What is / how do you deal with jelousy?

A

don’t understand there’s enough love for everyone
help them feel loved, listen to concerns

141
Q

What is / how do you deal with anger?

A

reaction to frustration, disappointment, embarrassment
teach self-control, respond controlled

142
Q

What is / how do you deal with temper tantrums?

A

violent anger/frustration
distract, don’t yell, encourage healthy coping

143
Q

What is / how do you deal with fears?

A

natural, helps avoid danger
talk about, don’t dismiss

144
Q

What is / how do you deal with separation anxiety?

A

fears being away from familiar people/objects
prepare in advance, be consistent

145
Q

How do you teach toddlers to share?

A

redirect, demonstrating, avoid interfering

Child Development (9 decks)

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