finals Flashcards
1
Q
What is authoritative parenting?
A
demanding, warm
2
Q
What is authoritarian parenting?
A
demanding, cold
3
Q
What is permissive parenting?
A
undemanding, warm
4
Q
What is negligent parenting?
A
undemanding, cold
5
Q
What is nature?
A
biologically set behaviors
6
Q
What is nurture?
A
gain behaviors through experience
7
Q
What happens first in the conception process?
A
Seminal vesicles create majority of fluid that makes up semen
8
Q
What happens after seminal vesicles make fluid?
A
fluid is expelled into ejaculatory duct
9
Q
What happens after fluid is in ejaculatory duct?
A
Fluid mixes with sperm in tesitcles
10
Q
What happens after sperm and semen are mixed?
A
Sperm is transported through vas deferens to penis
11
Q
What happens after sperm is in penis?
A
Sperm enters vagina
12
Q
What happens after the sperm enters the vagina?
A
Sperm travels up vaginal canal
13
Q
What happens after the sperm is in the vaginal canal?
A
Sperm and egg meet in outer portion of fallopian tube (fertilization)
14
Q
What happens after egg is fertilized?
A
Fertilized egg travels down fallopian tube into uterus
15
Q
What happens after the fertilized egg reaches the uterus?
A
Egg attaches to uterus lining for nourishment
16
Q
What happens after the fertilized egg is attached to the uterus?
A
Egg develops for 9 months into a baby
17
Q
What is fertility?
A
the ability to have children
18
Q
What is fertilization?
A
When the egg and sperm meet; becoming an embryo
19
Q
Forms of assisted reproduction (6)
A
GIFT, IUI, adoption, egg donation, hormone therapy, surrogacy
20
Q
What is GIFT?
A
Catheter combines sperm and egg, implants into uterus. Allows for biological mothers/fathers while increasing chances of getting pregnant
21
Q
What is IUI?
A
Cleaned sperm put into uterus using speculum/injection. Helps speed conception process
22
Q
What is adoption?
A
Legally taking someone’s child and raising them. Helps kids in bad spots and parents who have reasons for not wanting a biological child
23
Q
What is egg donation?
A
Someone donates eggs to someone who wants to have a child and can’t use their own eggs. Helps people with medical conditions
24
Q
What is hormone therapy?
A
using hormones to correct current hormones that prevent pregnancy
25
What is surrogacy?
a woman carries and delivers a baby in place of the intended mother. Lets people who can't give birth have a child without adoption and with biological connection
26
What are symptoms of HPV?
itching, warts, bleeding after intercourse
27
What are symptoms of herpes?
sores, blisters
28
What are symptoms of Chlamydia?
genital pain, discharge from vagina/penis, swelling, pelvic pain
29
What are symptoms of pubic lice?
itching, spots/dots, crusted/sticky eyelashes
30
What are symptoms of gonorrhea?
watery/creamy/greenish vaginal discharge, painful urination
31
What are symptoms of HIV/AIDS?
fever, sore throat, fatigue, weight loss, other infections, poor motor skills
32
What are symptoms of syphilis?
painles sore, rash, damage to brain/nerves/eyes/heart
33
Reasons for infertility
age, STD, injury, medications, genetics, stress/mental security, consistent use of drugs/alcohol/chemicals/radiation, weight, fallopian tube damage/blockage
34
What is abstinence?
choosing not to have sex; 100% STD + pregnancy free
35
What are oral contraceptives (pill)?
hormones that block LH surge/egg releasing. Same time each day, no STD protection
36
What is IUD?
T-shaped plastic inserted into uterus that blocks sperm. 3-12 years, no STD protection
37
What is The Implant?
rod implanted in arm, releases progesterone to prevent eggs' release. 3 years, no STD protection
38
What is Depo-Provera Injections
once every four months, insert progesterone. no STD prevention
39
What is vaginal ring?
releases hormones to stop eggs from releasing, 99% effective, no STD protection, 3 weeks
40
What is emergency contraception?
prevents egg release to fertilization, 24 hours. No STD prevention, use only in emergencies
41
What is external condom?
latex, covers penis to trap sperm without contacting egg. STD protection when used correctly
42
What is internal condom?
Liner put in vagina, keeps sperm out of uterus. STD protection when used correctly
43
What is patch?
continually releases hormones into skin to prevent ovulation. Replaced weekly, no STD protection
44
Why is it good to understand ovulation?
You can understand when you're most fertile
45
What characterizes 1 trimester?
rapid hormonal/physical change
weight gain
no extra calorie intake
46
What characterizes 2 trimester?
differences in skin
mood swings
feel baby moving
heartburn
extra 340 calories/day
47
What characterizes 3 trimester?
frequent doctor visits
fatigue
abdomen enlarges
extra 400-500 calories/day
48
What are the main food groups?
Dairy, grain, fruit, vegetable, protein
49
What could happen to baby with overweight/underweight mother?
Overweight: diabetes
Underweight: chronic illness
50
What are the stages of fetus development?
Gestation→Zygote→Embryo→Fetus
51
How many weeks is the first trimester?
0-13 weeks
52
How many months in 2 trimester?
4-6 months
53
How many months is 3 trimester?
7-9/10 months
54
Symptoms, cause, and cure of autism
social impairments, communication difficulties, repetitive/restricted/stereotyped behavior patterns
no cause
no cure
55
Symptoms, cause, and cure of cerebral palsy
Group of disorders with brain/nervous system functions, developmental delays (spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, hypotonic, mixed types)
Caused by injuries/abnormalities of brain
No cure
56
Symptoms, cause, and cure of cleft lip/pallet
Affect upper lip+roof of mouth, feeding and speech issues
Caused by genes, drugs/viruses/toxins, other syndromes
Surgery within 6 weeks - 9 months
57
Symptoms, cause, and cure of clubfoot
Foot is twisted/out of shape
Caused by breaching or genetics
Braces/splints to correct bones
58
Symptoms, cause, and cure of colorblindness
Seeing colors in an unusual way, chronic
Problems with eye pigments, genetic
No cure
59
Symptoms, cause, and cure of cystic fibrosis
Mucus builds up, leads to trouble breathing
Genetic
Antibiotics, inhaler, therapy
60
Symptoms, cause, and cure of diabetes
High blood sugar, chronic
Genes or viruses are possible factors
No cure
61
Symptoms, cause, and cure of down syndrome
Slowed development in body and brain
Genetic; extra chromosome
No cure
62
Symptoms, cause, and cure of hemophilia
Takes long time for blood to clot bleeding
Inherited
Replace missing clotting factor (gene therapy)
63
Symptoms, cause, and cure of Huntington's Disease
Rigidity, slow movement, tremors. Worsens over time
Genetic
No cure
64
Symptoms, cause, and cure of hydrocephalus
Irritability, seizures, sleepiness, vomiting, soft spot on head, eyes gazing downward
CSF flow is disrupted
Surgery; goal is to prevent damage
65
Symptoms, cause, and cure of Marfan Syndrome
Skeleton, cardio, eyes, skin disorders. Tall, long arms, spider-like fingers.
Inherited or sporadic
Vision issues can be treated; medicines and surgery to replace root+valve
66
Symptoms, cause, and cure of muscular dystrophy
Muscle weakness, worse over time
Inherited
No cures
67
Symptoms, cause, and cure of sickle cell anemia
Episodes, breathlessness, delayed development, fatigue, fever, jaundice, paleness, rapid heart rate.
Inherited, abnormal hemoglobin
Constant treatment
68
Symptoms, cause, and cure of Tay-Sachs Disease
mental/physical deterioration
Genetic
No cure; high death rate before 4 years
69
Symptoms, cause, and cure of thalassemia
Facial bone deformities, fatigue, growth failure, liver/spleen swelling, shortness of breath, jaundice.
Abnormal hemoglobin
Blood transfusions, folate supplements
70
Symptoms, cause, and cure of toxoplasmosis
Retina swelling; mostly no symptoms
Due to cats
Medicines
71
What are the stages of birth?
Preparing for Birth
Pushing and Birthing
Afterbirth
72
What happens during Stage 1, early labor?
Cervix begins dilating, water breaks, contractions begin (mild-moderate pain)
73
What happens during Stage 1, active labor?
cervix fully dilated, longer/stronger/sooner contractions, bloody discharge, nausea, most painful
74
What happens during Stage 2?
lighter contractions, urge to push, crowning, baby changes positions, baby is born
75
What happens during Stage 3?
slight contractions to deliver placenta, uterus contracts to seal open veins and stop bleeding, if episiotomy stitches applied and catheter removed
76
Why might a c-section be performed?
infant distress, fetus too large, pre-eclampsia, breeching
77
What are the benefits of c-sections?
no contractions, reduce stress/birth trauma to baby, fewer likely complications
78
What levels to go through in c-sections?
skin → fat → fascia → peritoneum → bladder → uterus → amniotic fluids
79
What is the healthy weight gain for pregnancy?
25-30 lbs.
80
What does the Apgar test do?
tests newborn's physical condition + chance of survival
81
What does the Apgar test test?
heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, color
82
When should the Apgar tests be given? What should the scores be?
1 minute after birth: 6-7
5 minutes after birth: 8-10
83
What does the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale do?
tests behaviors of social and neurological functions. uses brazelton scale
84
Wha does the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale test?
interaction with environment, motor processes, control of physical state, response to stress
85
What are some tests given after birth to baby?
blood tests (anemia)
disorders (from heel; 55 screened, 29 treatable)
phenylketonuria (disease causing mental deterioration if untreated)
galactosemia (can't convert milk's sugar to glucose; causes blindness, deterioration, death)
sickle cell anemia (causes anemia, pain, damage to vital organs, death)
86
Premature baby facts
12% born premature
Can cause congenital problems with heart, digestive tract, spine, brain
ICN or NICU keeps newborns breathing, monitors heart rate
87
What are some physical traits of newborns?
Average 7 lbs. 20 inches, grows 1 ½ lbs. and 1 inch during first month, head is ¼ total length, round chest, protruding stomach, legs drawn up, short, almost no neck, broad, flat nose, tiny jaw+chin (helps them suck more) cranium: Fontanels (soft spots) close between 1-2 years; brain growth slows, thin/dry, blotchy/ruddy, loose/wrinkly, etc. skin, usually get rash 1-2 days after birth, small, dull blue eyes, real eye color at 6 months, tears at 3 months, sucking pads in cheeks, maybe 1+ teeth at birth
88
Physical needs of newborns
Feeding; breast milk recommended for first year
Burping; after/during feeding
Diapers; rashes in warm/moist areas
Bathing; sponge baths until naval heals
89
How do infants feel love?
needs object concept, eventually get fullness/comfort from caregiver, attachment to caregivers/familiar objects
90
How do infants feel fear?
startle reflex isn't true fear. 4-5 months, fear adult strangers. 6 months, know they can be hurt. Fear of unknown. Fearful babies won't learn from lack of new experiences
91
How do infants feel anxiety?
separation anxiety is first anxiety. Younger than 2 years don't know why parents have to leave
92
How do infants feel anger
Anger from distress; held against will, toys taken away, distraction when they want their needs met. Physical display because they lack language. looks like swinging arms/legs, turning red, crying loudly
93
What is the goal of trust vs. mistrust?
develop trust but leave capacity for mistrust.
94
What leads to trust? What leads to mistrust?
trust: dependability, quality of care
mistrust: lack of care, unpredictability
95
What are the infant types of play?
Unoccupied behavior (no specific activity) and solitary play (playing alone without interest in anyone else)
96
When do infants gain voluntary motor skills? (not reflexes)
2 months
97
When does infant vision fully develop?
8-12 months=full adult vision
98
When does memory develop?
6 months-12 years
99
What are the three ways of perception?
compare/contrast
organize information
reaction to sensory information
100
What is the Theory of Cognitive Development?
children are active learners that follow a biological process. Gain understandings of the world in the form of schemas.
101
How are schemas formed?
assimilation and accommodation
102
What is assimilation?
fitting experience into existing schema if experience is similar
103
What is accommodation?
existing schemas changed, new schemas developed if experience is different than every other experience
104
What developmental stage are infants in?
sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)
105
What are some characteristics of sensorimotor stage?
information gained through senses. manipulates perceives bud doesn't reason. symbols internalized through language development.
106
What is object constant?
objects stay the same even if they appear different
107
What is object concept?
people/object/events are separate from child's interactions
108
What is object identity?
object is same from one time to the next
109
What is object permanence?
objects exist even when not sensed
110
What are 1-2 month developmental milestones?
information through senses
eye contact
faces to objects
familiar/unfamiliar voices
111
What are 3-4 month developmental milestones?
familiar/unfamiliar faces
vowel-consonant combinations
smile/frown
112
What are 5-6 month developmental milestones?
alert longer
studies objects
recognize own name
friendly/angry voices
basic native language sounds
113
What are 7-8 month developmental milestones?
imitates others
cause and effect
remembers past events
sort objects by size
solve simple problems
forms more complex sounds
recognizes words
babbling
114
What are 9-10 month developmental milestones?
look for dropped objects
responds to simple phrases
moves objects in and out of containers
begins speaking few words
115
What are 11-12 month developmental milestones?
points/identifies objects
stacks blocks inside each other
mama and dada
more simple phrases
speaks few words regularly
116
What are characteristics of toddler's physical growth?
Development slows
bones harden
brain matures very fast
fat deposits decrease
Body proportions change
improves balance and
motor skills
Gross and fine motor skills develop
at own rate
size, health, diet, interest,
temperament,
opportunities
117
What motor skills develop as a toddler?
walking, grabbing/holding, hand-eye coordination, feed/dress self, toilet training
118
What is dramatic play?
single child imitating person/situation
119
What is socio-dramatic play?
several children imitating person/situation
120
What is personification?
assigning human traits to objects
121
What is projection?
putting own emotions onto another person/object
122
What is pretend play?
dramatic play/playing pretend, learn about world
123
What is onlooker behavior?
interacting and watching another child
124
What is unoccupied behavior?
no specific activity, fidgeting, daydreaming
125
What is solitary play?
independent and totally involved in own play
126
What is parallel play?
not interacting but playing with similar toys
127
What is associative play?
independent roles in large group, with interaction
128
What is cooperative play?
2+ children, groups with roles, leader/follower
129
What is manipulative play?
handle props incorrectly
130
What is functional stage?
use props as intended
131
What is imaginative stage?
can substitute props
132
What is role play?
mimics actions of others
133
What is coaching?
give children ideas for difficult situations
134
What is modeling?
showing appropriate behavior
135
What is a prop box?
box containing materials to give roles/themes to learn
136
What substages of sensorimotor stage are toddlers in? What are the descriptions?
5: tertiary circular reactions; experiment with objects/behaviors, discover attributes
6: mental imagery or representation; think through sequence, object permanence, critical thinking
137
What is / how do you deal with egocentrism?
thinking only about what they need/want
let them make their own decisions, be patient
138
What is / how do you deal with negativism?
doing the opposite of what is asked
teach positive behavior, ignore bad behavior
139
What is / how do you deal with stubbornness?
does what they want/what was asked on own time/way
listen, don't argue, give options
140
What is / how do you deal with jelousy?
don't understand there's enough love for everyone
help them feel loved, listen to concerns
141
What is / how do you deal with anger?
reaction to frustration, disappointment, embarrassment
teach self-control, respond controlled
142
What is / how do you deal with temper tantrums?
violent anger/frustration
distract, don't yell, encourage healthy coping
143
What is / how do you deal with fears?
natural, helps avoid danger
talk about, don't dismiss
144
What is / how do you deal with separation anxiety?
fears being away from familiar people/objects
prepare in advance, be consistent
145
How do you teach toddlers to share?
redirect, demonstrating, avoid interfering
