FINALFINAL Flashcards
The cranial cavity houses the
brain
nucleic acids are made up of
nucleotides joined by covalent, phosphodiester bonds
in the formation of a compound of sodium chloride
sodium donates an electron to chlorine
Reaction where biological molecules engage in condensation
synthesis
closest to trunk
proximal
3 types of lipids
eicosanoid, steriod, triglyceride
an ion is an atom or group of atoms that has
lost or gained an electron
integrates sensory input and signals for change as needed
control center homeostatic mechanism
of the nine abdominopelvic regions, the one that is most superior in the middle column is called the
epigastric region
median space in thoracic cavity
mediastinum
ionic bonds involve
electrostatic interactions between anions and cations
structurally, enzymes are generally
globular proteins
most common lipid in body
triglyceride
True or false? fatty acids are nonpolar and do not dissolve in water
true
diagnosing a disease involves determining the
cause of the homeostatic imbalance
which enzyme class splits a chemical bond in the absence of water?
lyase
RNA is single stranded and contains
uracil
2 main divisions of microscopic anatomy
cytology, histology
polymers made up of amino acid monomers
proteins
True or false? at temperatures exceeding 104 in the body, enzyme denaturation takes place and reaction rates decrease.
true
True or false ? phospholipids are hydophobic
false. they are amphipathic
a protein consists of amino acids linked by
peptide bonds
fatty acids in soap have a polar end and a nonpolar end. Which of the following best describes these molecules?
amphipathic
Which of the following has the smallest mass? a neutron, an atomic nucleus, an electron, or a proton?
an electorn
Which abdominopelvic regions have both a right and left side?
lumbar, iliac, hypochondriac
When we shiver on a cold day, the heat produced by muscle tissue is a demonstration of which law of thermodynamcis?
second
Water has a ____ specific heat, and this tends to keep body temperature ______
high, relatively constant
From deep to superficial, the order of the strata of the epidermis is
basale - spinosum- granulosum- lucidum- corneum
Which is the actively growing part of the nail?
nail matrix
The phase of mitosis that begins with the arrival of a group of single-stranded chromsomes at the pole of each cell
telophase
Out of this list, which organelle is not membrane bound?
golgi apparatus
lysosome
mitochondrion
rough ER
microtubule
microtubule
In connective tissue, the extracellular matrix consists of
protein fibers and ground substance
The sodium-potassium ATPase functions by performing
primary active transport
The phase of mitosis that begins as spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere is
anaphase
What is the composition of the subcutanous layer?
areolar connective tissue and adipose connective tissue
microscopic folds that extend from the apical surface of certain epithelia to increase surface area for absorption and secretion are called
microvilli
cells are measured in
micrometers
Because they produce ribosome subunits, one would expect to find large numbers of nucleoli and cells that synthesize
proteins
Cancer cells in the epidermis are attacked by
epidermal dendritic cells
All connective tissues have 3 features in common. they are
cells, protein fibers, ground substance
severe injuries/burns to the skin can result in scars that are
produced by fibroblasts and mainly made of collagen
sodium potatssium pump
sodium out potassium in
building blocks of DNA double helix
nucleotides
The most abundant lipid of the membrane consists of a head and two tails. this type of lipid is a
phospholipid
skin cancer is the most common type of cancer, due to sun exposure it occurs most frequently on the
head and neck
oxidative fibers are
red and fatigue resistant
how many floating ribs do we have?
2
Which extrsinsic eye muscle moves through the pulley-like loop?
superior oblique
Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that occurs in the
cytosol
Of this list, which type of bone would be the best for movement rather than protection?
Long
irregular
short
flat
long
the bones of the wrist are classified as
short
What kind of joint is the sagittal suture?
fibrous
With increased age, skeletal muscles show a decrease in
myofibrils
What protein is not found in thin filaments?
myosin
Which type of cell produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix?
osteoblasts
rickets is caused by a lack of sufficient
vitamin d
Which bears more weight? fibula or tibia?
tibia
What happens to osteoblasts when bone matrix calcifies and secreting cells are walled in?
they become osteocytes
Characteristics of cartilage connective tissue
gel-like ground substance, matrix of protein fibers, cells are called chondrocytes, avascularity
The word biceps in the name of a muscle refers to the fact that
the muscle has two tendons of origin
3 small bones within each ear
ossicles incus malleus stapes
one feature that helps provide fast energy to a muscle cell is the presence of granules containing the complex carb
glycogen
bone is considered an important storage reservoir for
calcium, phosphate, lipids
during appositional growth of cartilage, the cells that produce the matrix are the
chondroblasts
Which is the neurotransmitter that causes the release of calcium ions from reserboirs within the muscle cell and thereby initiates the steps of a contraction
acetylcholine
when the arm is raised anteriorly, the movement at the shoulder is
flexion
myogolbin is a molecule within muscle cells that can bind
oxygen
this muscle has its inferior attachment on the manubrium and sternal end of the clavicle and its superior attachment on the mastoid process
sternocleidomastoid
diarthrosis mobility
freely mobile
conductive activity in a neuron generally causes it to secrete
a specific neurotransmitter that either excites or inhibits its target
glial cell that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid
ependymal cell
the smaller structural units that contain bundles of axons within each white matter funiculus are called
tracts
the lobe that is immediately posterior to the central sulcus and that is involved in general sensory functions is the
parietal lobe
glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within CNs
oligodendrocytes
Which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)?
dura mater
The primary motor cortex for control of voluntary muscles is found in the
precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
the glial cell which will occupy the space left by dead or dying neurons
astrocytes
glial cell that defends the body against pathogens
microglial
Example of a system or function only controlled by sympathetic nervous system
adrenal medulla
glial cell with perivascular feet that wrap around capillaries in the CNS
astrocyte
cell bodies of sensory neurons are found in the posterior ____ ___
root ganglia
the sympathetic division is also called what
thoracolumbar divisioin
The shallow depressions between folds on the surface of the brain are called
sulci
CSF leaves the subarachnoid scpace through the ______ and enters the bloodstream
arachnoid villi
stage of sleep where we have our most memeorable dreams
REM
Each thoracic spinal nerve emerges from intervertebral foramen that is ____ to the vertebra of the same number
inferior
Which portion of a reflex arc is likely to be located entirely within the CNS?
interneuron
Which statement is consistent with what we currently understand about neurons?
Most neurons formed in fetal development last a lifetime, but some brain regions in adults can generate new neurons
glial cells differ from neurons in that they are
smaller and capable of mitosis
function of myelin
produce faster nerve impulse propagation
glial cell responsible for PNS myelination
neurolemmocyte
space containing cerebrospinal fluid
subarachnoid
motor neurons contain their cell bodies in the _____ and axons in the ________
posterior root, anterior horn
electrical synapses involve coupling of neurons by
gap junctions
