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CHAPTER 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

4 major brain regions

A

cerebrum, dienchephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

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2
Q

gyri

A

ridges

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3
Q

sulci

A

depressions between ridges

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4
Q

terms used for anterior and posterior with regards to the nervous system

A

rostral, caudal

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5
Q

gray matter is made of

A

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

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6
Q

Cortex

A

superficial layer of gray matter

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7
Q

True or false? white matter consists of myelinated axons

A

true

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8
Q

bundles of axons

A

tracts

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9
Q

regions of gray matter (clusters of cell bodies) either close to the surface or deep within the brain

A

nucleus

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10
Q

brain is protected by

A

bone of skull, meninges, csf, liquid cushion, blood-brain barrier

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11
Q

cranial meninges from deep to superficial

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

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12
Q

innermost of the meninges, adheres to brain’s surface. thin layer of areolar connective tissue

A

pia mater

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13
Q

component of arachnoid mater extending to pia mater through the subarachnoid space

A

arachnoid trabeculae

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14
Q

What is found in the subarachnoid space?

A

csf

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15
Q

epidural space

A

potential space between dura and skull

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16
Q

What do dural venous sinuses do?

A

drain blood from the brain

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17
Q

what type of tissue comprises the dura mater?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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18
Q

Which happens more slowly, an epidural hematoma, or a subdural hematoma?

A

the subdural hematoma happens faster

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19
Q

encephalitis vs menigitis

A

meningitis is inflammation of the meninges and usually bacterial.
encephalitis is inflammation of the brain and is usually viral

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20
Q

ventricles of brain are lined with what type of cell?

A

ependymal

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21
Q

What separates the 2 lateral ventricles of the brain?

A

septum pellucidum

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22
Q

What connects the third ventricle to each later ventricle?

A

the interventricular foramen

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23
Q

How is the fourth ventricle connected to the third?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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24
Q

Where are the two lateralventricles of the brain?

A

cerebrum

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25
Where is the third ventricle of the brain?
middle of diencephalon
26
Where is the fourth ventricle of the brain?
between the pons and cerebellum
27
Which ventricle of the brain merges with the central canal of the spinal cord?
fourth
28
functions of CSF
buoyancy, protection, environmental stability
29
CSF is formed by ___ in each ventricle
choroid plexus
30
what causes hydrocephalus
excessive CSF
31
the cerebrum is the center of
all complex intellectual functions
32
How many lobes are in each hemisphere of the cerebrum?
5
33
Which lobe is not visible at the surface?
insular
34
separates inferior frontal lobe from temporal lobe
lateral sulcus
35
precentral gyrus
controls voluntary movement
36
functions of the insula
memory, sense of taste
37
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
precentral gyrus
38
broca's area
controls movements for vocalizations
39
Where is the frontal eye field and what does it do?
on superior surface of middle frontal gyrus. regulates eye movements needed for reading and binocular vision
40
premotor cortex
coordinates learned, skilled activities
41
What is the primary somatosensory cortex and where is it?
postcentral gyrus of parietal lobes. receives somatic sensory information.
42
somatosensory association area
immediately posterior to postcentral gyrus (in parietal lobe) and integratges touch information allowing us to indentify how objects feel
43
What is the primary visual cortex and where is it?
processes and stores visual information, located within occipital lobe
44
What is the visual association area and where is it ?
integrates and interprets color and form, allowing identification/recognition
45
What is the primary auditory cortex, and where is it?
processes and stores auditory informaton. located within temporal lobe
46
What is the auditory assocation area and where is it?
located in temporal lobe, integrates and interprets sounds
47
located within temporal lobe; receives, processes, stores auditory informaton
primary auditory cortex
48
Where is the primary olfactory cortex?
temporal lobe
49
Where is the primary gustatory cortex?
insula
50
What is Wernicke's area and where is it?
usually in left hemisphere. involved in language comprehension
51
Where is the prefrontal cortex?
located rostral to premotor cortex in frontal lobe
52
arcuate fibers
short tracts connecting neighboring gyri
53
longitudinal fasciculi
longer tracts connecting gyri in different lobes
54
commissures
connect regions in different hemispheres
55
What do projection tracts do?
link cerebral cortex to inferior brain regions and spinal cord
56
internal capsule
projection tract passes between thalamus and cerebral nuclei
57
petalis
protrusion of a lobe on one side compared to the other
58
cerebral/hemispheric lateralization
two sides of the cerebrum exhibit differences in higher-order functions
59
Which hemisphere is usually the representational hemisphere?
right
60
When does hemispheric lateralization develop?
early childhood education
61
difference in lateralization between the sexes
women have a thicker posterior corpus callosum, and males suffer more functional loss when one hemisphere is damaged
62
oval masses of gray matter on later sides of third ventricle
thalamus
63
What does the hypothalamus do?
damn near everything
64
infundibulum
stalk of pituitary that extends from hypothalamus
65
3 parts of brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
66
cerebral peduncle
a component of the midbrain, carry voluntary commands from primary motor cortex
67
superior cerebellar peduncle
a component of the midbrain, connects midbrain to cerebellum
68
medial lemniscus
band of ascending, myelinated axons running through brainstem
69
substantia negra
cluster of cells with black appearance due to melanin. houses neurons producing dopamine. degeneration of this leads to parkinson;s disease
70
tegmentum
involved in posterior motor control. contains red nucleui (pigmented) and reticular formation
71
tectum
a component of the midbrain. contains for mounds making a tectal plate
72
pontine respiratory center
a component of the pons. helps regulate skeletal muscles of breathing.
73
medullary respiratory center
controls breathing rate
74
symptoms of impaired cerebellar function
disturbance of gait, loss of balance and posture, inability to detect proprioceptive information
75
limbic system
emotional brain
76
limbic system components
cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdaloid body, olfactory cortex, fornix
77
amygdaloid body
involved in many aspects of emotion and emotional memory, especially fear
78
fornix
thin white tract connecting hippocampus with other limbic structures
79
cranial nerves and what they do
CN1 olfactory CN2 optic CN3 oculomotor CN4 trochlear eyes move CN5 trigeminal sensation CN6 abducens abduction of eyes CN7 facnial CN8 vestibulocochlear CN9 glosspharyngeal CN10 vagus CN11 accessory CN12 hypoglossal \

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