CHAPTER 13 Flashcards
4 major brain regions
cerebrum, dienchephalon, brainstem, cerebellum
gyri
ridges
sulci
depressions between ridges
terms used for anterior and posterior with regards to the nervous system
rostral, caudal
gray matter is made of
neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
Cortex
superficial layer of gray matter
True or false? white matter consists of myelinated axons
true
bundles of axons
tracts
regions of gray matter (clusters of cell bodies) either close to the surface or deep within the brain
nucleus
brain is protected by
bone of skull, meninges, csf, liquid cushion, blood-brain barrier
cranial meninges from deep to superficial
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
innermost of the meninges, adheres to brain’s surface. thin layer of areolar connective tissue
pia mater
component of arachnoid mater extending to pia mater through the subarachnoid space
arachnoid trabeculae
What is found in the subarachnoid space?
csf
epidural space
potential space between dura and skull
What do dural venous sinuses do?
drain blood from the brain
what type of tissue comprises the dura mater?
dense irregular connective tissue
Which happens more slowly, an epidural hematoma, or a subdural hematoma?
the subdural hematoma happens faster
encephalitis vs menigitis
meningitis is inflammation of the meninges and usually bacterial.
encephalitis is inflammation of the brain and is usually viral
ventricles of brain are lined with what type of cell?
ependymal
What separates the 2 lateral ventricles of the brain?
septum pellucidum
What connects the third ventricle to each later ventricle?
the interventricular foramen
How is the fourth ventricle connected to the third?
cerebral aqueduct
Where are the two lateralventricles of the brain?
cerebrum
Where is the third ventricle of the brain?
middle of diencephalon
Where is the fourth ventricle of the brain?
between the pons and cerebellum
Which ventricle of the brain merges with the central canal of the spinal cord?
fourth
functions of CSF
buoyancy, protection, environmental stability
CSF is formed by ___ in each ventricle
choroid plexus
what causes hydrocephalus
excessive CSF
the cerebrum is the center of
all complex intellectual functions
How many lobes are in each hemisphere of the cerebrum?
5
Which lobe is not visible at the surface?
insular
separates inferior frontal lobe from temporal lobe
lateral sulcus
precentral gyrus
controls voluntary movement
functions of the insula
memory, sense of taste
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
precentral gyrus
broca’s area
controls movements for vocalizations
Where is the frontal eye field and what does it do?
on superior surface of middle frontal gyrus. regulates eye movements needed for reading and binocular vision
premotor cortex
coordinates learned, skilled activities
What is the primary somatosensory cortex and where is it?
postcentral gyrus of parietal lobes. receives somatic sensory information.
somatosensory association area
immediately posterior to postcentral gyrus (in parietal lobe) and integratges touch information allowing us to indentify how objects feel
What is the primary visual cortex and where is it?
processes and stores visual information, located within occipital lobe
What is the visual association area and where is it ?
integrates and interprets color and form, allowing identification/recognition
What is the primary auditory cortex, and where is it?
processes and stores auditory informaton. located within temporal lobe
What is the auditory assocation area and where is it?
located in temporal lobe, integrates and interprets sounds
located within temporal lobe; receives, processes, stores auditory informaton
primary auditory cortex
Where is the primary olfactory cortex?
temporal lobe
Where is the primary gustatory cortex?
insula
What is Wernicke’s area and where is it?
usually in left hemisphere. involved in language comprehension
Where is the prefrontal cortex?
located rostral to premotor cortex in frontal lobe
arcuate fibers
short tracts connecting neighboring gyri
longitudinal fasciculi
longer tracts connecting gyri in different lobes
commissures
connect regions in different hemispheres
What do projection tracts do?
link cerebral cortex to inferior brain regions and spinal cord
internal capsule
projection tract passes between thalamus and cerebral nuclei
petalis
protrusion of a lobe on one side compared to the other
cerebral/hemispheric lateralization
two sides of the cerebrum exhibit differences in higher-order functions
Which hemisphere is usually the representational hemisphere?
right
When does hemispheric lateralization develop?
early childhood education
difference in lateralization between the sexes
women have a thicker posterior corpus callosum, and males suffer more functional loss when one hemisphere is damaged
oval masses of gray matter on later sides of third ventricle
thalamus
What does the hypothalamus do?
damn near everything
infundibulum
stalk of pituitary that extends from hypothalamus
3 parts of brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
cerebral peduncle
a component of the midbrain, carry voluntary commands from primary motor cortex
superior cerebellar peduncle
a component of the midbrain, connects midbrain to cerebellum
medial lemniscus
band of ascending, myelinated axons running through brainstem
substantia negra
cluster of cells with black appearance due to melanin. houses neurons producing dopamine. degeneration of this leads to parkinson;s disease
tegmentum
involved in posterior motor control. contains red nucleui (pigmented) and reticular formation
tectum
a component of the midbrain. contains for mounds making a tectal plate
pontine respiratory center
a component of the pons. helps regulate skeletal muscles of breathing.
medullary respiratory center
controls breathing rate
symptoms of impaired cerebellar function
disturbance of gait, loss of balance and posture, inability to detect proprioceptive information
limbic system
emotional brain
limbic system components
cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdaloid body, olfactory cortex, fornix
amygdaloid body
involved in many aspects of emotion and emotional memory, especially fear
fornix
thin white tract connecting hippocampus with other limbic structures
cranial nerves and what they do
CN1 olfactory
CN2 optic
CN3 oculomotor
CN4 trochlear eyes move
CN5 trigeminal sensation
CN6 abducens abduction of eyes
CN7 facnial
CN8 vestibulocochlear
CN9 glosspharyngeal
CN10 vagus
CN11 accessory
CN12 hypoglossal
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