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A&P > CHAPTER 15 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 15 Flashcards

1
Q

somatic nervous system

A

consciously perceived or controlled processes

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2
Q

somatic sensory portion

A

detects signals from special senses

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3
Q

special senses

A

vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell taste

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4
Q

somatic motor portion

A

sends signals from CNS to skeletal muscles

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5
Q

Voluntary movement involves the ____, and reflexive movement involves the _______

A

cerebrum, brainstem/spinal cord

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6
Q

ANS (autonomic nervous system)

A

controls processes regulated below a conscious level

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7
Q

transmits signals from CNS to heart, smooth muscle, glands

A

ANS

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8
Q

True or false? the SNS regulates homestasis

A

no, it is the ANS

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9
Q

Are neurons involved in sensory input from the heart technically part of the ANS?

A

no

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10
Q

True or false? the ANS is regulated by parts of the brain, and the spinal cord

A

true

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11
Q

nuclei mediate visceral reflexes are controlled by the

A

brainstem

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12
Q

integration and command center for autonomic functions, involved in emotions

A

hypothalamus

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13
Q

Contains ANS reflex centers for defecations and urination

A

spinal cord

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14
Q

parasympathetic vs sympathetic nervous system

A

sympathetic is fight or flight, parasympathetic is calm tf down

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15
Q

in what region of the spinal cord does the parasympathetic nervous system live?

A

craniosacral

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16
Q

Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

S2-S4 of spinal cord, or in the brainstem

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17
Q

in the parasympathetic division, preganglionic axons are _____, postganglionic axons are _______

A

long, short

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18
Q

division of ANS in which ganglia are close to or within the effector organ

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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19
Q

Where in the spina lcord does the sympathetic nervous system live?

A

thoracolumbar division

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20
Q

Where do the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous sytem live?

A

lateral horns of t1-l2

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21
Q

in the sympathetic nervous system, preganglionic axons are _____, postganglionic axons are ______

A

short, long

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22
Q

division of ANS in which ganglia are closer to the spinal cord (lateral or anterior to it)

A

sympathetic

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23
Q

Do preganglionic axons of the sympathetic nervous system have a lot of branches?

A

yes

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24
Q

parasympathetic activity is fairly localized, true or false?

A

true

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25
Q

Long preganglionic axons with limited branches influence only one or ________

A

a few effectors at the same time

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26
Q

sympathetic nervous system activity often facilitates ____ activation

A

mass

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27
Q

short _______ with many _____ simultaneously influence several effectors

A

preganglionic axons, branches

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28
Q

Can a single effector of the sympathetic nervous system ever be engaged? if so, what would be an example.

A

it can. like when the pupil dilates in low light

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29
Q

mass activation is facilitated by the release of hormones from the ________

A

adrenal medullary glands

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30
Q

which division of the ANS maintains homeostasis at rest?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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31
Q

terminal ganglia of parasympathetic divison

A

located close to the effector

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32
Q

intramural ganglia

A

in parasympathetic nervous system, located within wall of effector

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33
Q

Which cranial nerves convey parasympathetic signals?

A

oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

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34
Q

parasympathetic - CN3

A

preganglionic axons from cell bodies in midbrain nuclei extend to ciliary ganglion within the orbit. postganglionc axons control lens and iris sphincter

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35
Q

CN7 parasympathetic nervous system

A

preganglionic axons with cell bodies in pons extend to pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia. pterygopalatine= lacrimal, nose, mouth submandibular=salivation

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36
Q

CN 9 parasympathetic nervous system

A

preganglionic axons from cell bodies in medulla exend to otic ganglion near ear. postganglionic axons control parotid salivary gland

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37
Q

CN 10 parasympathetic nervous system

A

preganglionic axons form cell bodies in medulla project to a variety of ganglia in thorax and abdomen. postganglionic = swallowing, slowing heart rate, bronchiole constriction, increasing digestive secretions, storing carb

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38
Q

pelvic sphlanchnic nerves

A

preganglionic axons from cell bodies in lateral gray regions of s2-s4 project to ganglionic neurons in terminal or intramural ganglia. contributes to a HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUS. postganglionic = pelvic effectors

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39
Q

What is autonimic dysreflexia?

A

sympathetic spinal reflex with no counterbalancing parasympathetic response occurs

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40
Q

What causes autonomic dysreflexia?

A

hyperactivity of ANS after a spinal cord injury at or superior to T6 vertebra

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41
Q

micturition reflex

A

urination

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42
Q

micturition reflex what happens

A

stretch receptors signal when bladder fills with urine. signals sent to sacral spinal cord.

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43
Q

gastrointestinal reflex what happens

A

sensory neurons in rectum respond to stretch by fecal matter, singals sent to spinal cord, signals sent throgh motor neurons stimulate rectum to contract and internal anal spinchter to relax

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44
Q

cardiovascular reflex (blood pressure)

A

stretch receptors in vessel walls respond to pressure elvation, signals send to cardiac center in medullar oblongata. inhibits sympathetic and activates parasympathetic output to heart

45
Q

autonomic reflexes are also sometimes called

A

visceral reflexes

46
Q

Raynaud syndrome

A

sudden constriction of small arteries of digits. more common in women

47
Q

effectors innervated by only the sympathetic division

A

sweat glands in the trunk, arrector pili muscles of skin, adrenal medulla neurosecretory cells

48
Q

Can opposing effects be acheived without dural innervation?

A

yes

49
Q

dual innervation

A

organ receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

50
Q

most effectors are innervated by both divisions of ANS. both continuously release neurotransmitter. this generates

A

autonomic tone

51
Q

Blood vessels are usually in a partially constricted state due to

A

sympathetic tone

52
Q

how epinephrine treats asthma

A

asthma attacks narrow the bronchioles. bronchioles contain b2 receptors. epinephrine binds to the receptors more effectively than norepinephrine. it dilates the bronchioles

53
Q

Beta receptors

A

B1, B2, B3

54
Q

B1 receptors

A

primarily stimulatory. located in heart and kidney (renin secretion)

55
Q

B2 receptors

A

primarily inhibitory. smooth muscles of vessels to heart, liver, skeletal muscle, uterine and GI tract, detrusor muscle (relaxation)

56
Q

B3 receptors

A

may be stimulatory (or inhibitory). located in adipose, urinary bladder,

57
Q

Alpha receptors

A

A1 A2

58
Q

A1 receptors

A

stimulatory receptors foundon most smooth muscle cells.

59
Q

A2 receptors

A

located throughout CNS , in pancreas, GI tract sphincters

60
Q

catecholamines are a chemical subtype of ______ _____

A

biogenic amines

61
Q

2 types of adrenergic receptors

A

alpha and beta

62
Q

receptors found in all target organs of parasympathetic division and a few of sympathetic division

A

muscarinic receptors

63
Q

catecholamines are a chemical subtype of

A

biogenic amines

64
Q

ligands that bind to membrane receptors

A

amines

65
Q

norepinephrine and epinephrine are both catecholamines that bind to _________

A

adrenergic receptors

66
Q

cells with alpha receptors are typically ______ by NE

A

stimulated

67
Q

cells with beta receptors are typically ____ or ______ by NE

A

stimulated or inhibited

68
Q

somatic motor neuron

A

transmits nerve signals to skeletal muscle

69
Q

the sympathetic trunk resembles a

A

pearl necklace

70
Q

in the “pearl necklace”, what are the strings and pearls made of?

A

pearls = sympathetic trunk ganglia housing cell bodies
string= axons

71
Q

The cervical porton of the sympathetic trunk only has 3 ganglia

A

superior, middle, inferior,

72
Q

target of superior cervical ganglion cells (sympathetic)

A

sweat glands, blood vessels, dilator pupillae musle of eye, superior tarsal muscle of eyelid

73
Q

What causes horner syndrome?

A

injury of cervical sympathetic trunk or T1 trunk ganglion

74
Q

horner syndrome symptoms

A

ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, facial flushing

75
Q

ptosis

A

drooping of superior eyelid due to paralysis of superior tarsal muscle

76
Q

miosis

A

constricted pupil due to paralysis of pupil dilator muscle

77
Q

anydrosis

A

lack of sweating because sweat glands not receiving sympathetic innervation

78
Q

facial flushing

A

due to lack of sympathetic innervation, vasodilation resutls

79
Q

sympathetic effector stimulation - HEART

A

increase heart rate and force of contraction

80
Q

sympathetic effector stimulation SALIVARY GLANDS

A

more viscous saliva is produced

81
Q

sympathetic effector stimulation - PANCREAS

A

inhibit insulin release, stimulate glucagon release

82
Q

sympathetic effector stimulation- LIVER

A

glycogenolysis

83
Q

sympathetic effector stimulation - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A

bronchi/bronchiole dilation

84
Q

sympathetic effector stimulation- URINARY

A

retention of urine, release of renin (which helps increase blood pressure)

85
Q

sympathetic effector stimulation - REPRODUCTIVE

A

stimulate release of secretions in male during ejaculation, contraction of uterine and vaginal walls in female orgasm

86
Q

sympathetic effector stimulation - INTEGUMENTARY

A

arrector pili contraction, release of sweat, vasoconstriction preventing blood flow to skin

87
Q

sympathetic effector stimulation - IRIS

A

dilation

88
Q

Which releases epinephrine/ norepinephrine? sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

sympathetic

89
Q

networks of nerves within thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

autonomic plexuses

90
Q

What does an autonomic plexus consist of?

A

sympathetic postganglionic axons, parasympathetic preganglionic axons, and some visceral sensory axons.

91
Q

includes sympathetic axons from cervical and thoracic trunk (quicken heart rate) and parasympathetic axons from vagus nerve (slow the heart)

A

cardiac plexus

92
Q

includes sympathetic axons from cervical and throacic trunk (bronchodilation) and parasympathetic axons from vagus nerve (bronchoconstriction)

A

pulmonary plexus

93
Q

consists of celiac (solar) plexus, superior mesenteric plexus, and inferior mesenteric plexus

A

abdominal aortic plexus

94
Q

What plexus innervates all abdominal and some pelvic organs?

A

abdominal aortic

95
Q

What plexus innervates viscera within the pelvic region?

A

hypogastric

96
Q

What does the hypogastric plexus consist of?

A

sympathetic axons from aortic plexus and sympathetic trunk, parasympathetic axons from pelvic splanchnic nerves

97
Q

peristalsis involves two large plexuses

A

submucosal, myenteric

98
Q

What neurotransmitters does the ANS use?

A

acetylcholine, norepineprhine

99
Q

cells that release NE are ____ neurons

A

adrenergenic

100
Q

What are the 2 main types of cholinergic receptors?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

101
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

on all ganglionic neurons and adrenal medulla cells. also, skeletal muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction

102
Q

When ACh binds a nicotinic receptor, it opens a

A

cation channel

103
Q

When ACh binds to muscarinic receptors of smooth muscle in GI tract, it is _________

A

stimulated to contract more

104
Q

When ACh binds to muscarinic receptors on cardiac muscle what happens?

A

the heart rate decreases

105
Q

connecting spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk are

A

rami communicantes

106
Q

white rami communicantes

A

composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons from t1-l2.

107
Q

gray rami communicante

A

postganglionic sympahtetic

108
Q
A

A&P (11 decks)

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