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A&P > CHAPTER 3 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ATP?

A

energy currency of cells

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2
Q

capacity to do work.

A

energy

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3
Q

Two classes of energy

A

potential, kinetic

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4
Q

where is chemical energy stored?

A

in a molecule’s chemical bonds

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5
Q

molecules that function in chemical energy storage

A

Triglycerides
Glucose
ATP

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6
Q

describe electrical energy.

A

movement of charged particles

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7
Q

energy exhibited by objects in motion due to applied force

A

mechanical energy

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8
Q

sound energy

A

molecule compression caused by vibrating object

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9
Q

energy of electromagnetic waves is called

A

radiant energy

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10
Q

kinetic energy from movement of atoms, ions, molecules is also called

A

heat

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11
Q

is heat available to do work?

A

not usually

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12
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only
change in form

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13
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

When energy is transformed, some energy is lost to heat.

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14
Q

Both the movement of Na+ from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration and the
movement of an electron from a higher energy to a lower
energy state are examples of (a) potential energy or (b)
kinetic energy?

A

B kinetic energy

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15
Q

Muscle contraction is an example of what form of energy?

A

mechanical

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16
Q

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. However,
according to the first and second laws of
thermodynamics, what can happen to it, and what is
always generated?

A

it can transform, but some is lost and heat is generated

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17
Q

define metabolism

A

All biochemical reactions in living organisms

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18
Q

Occur when chemical bonds in existing molecular
structures are broken

A

chemical reactions

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19
Q
  • Substances present prior to start of a chemical reaction
  • Written on left side of equation
A

reactants

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20
Q

Substances formed by the reaction.
* Written on right side of equation

A

Products

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21
Q

Chemical reactions are classified based on three criteria.

A

changes in chemical structure, changes in chemical energy, and whether the reaction is reversible or irreversible

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22
Q

True or False : all decomposition reactions in the body are referred to as catabolism or catabolic reactions

A

True

23
Q

What Happens in a decomposition reaction?

A

initial molecule is broken down into smaller structures

24
Q

Two or more structures have combined to form a larger structure. What type of reaction took place?

A

synthesis reaction

25
Q

What is the collective term for all
synthesis reactions in the body?

A

anabolism

26
Q

What is an exchange reaction?

A

Groups exchange between two chemical structures

27
Q

True or False? Exchange reactions have both decomposition and synthesis components.

A

True.

28
Q

What is the most prevalent reaction type in the human body?

A

exchange reactions.

29
Q

Production of ATP in muscle tissue is an example of what type of reaction?

A

exchange reaction

30
Q

Reaction where energy is released with a net decrease in potential energy

A

Exergonic

31
Q

reaction where energy is supplied with a net increase in potential energy

A

endergonic reaction

32
Q

most enzymes are ____ proteins

A

globular

33
Q

What is an enzyme’s active site?

A

where it can bind to a substrate

34
Q

how do enzymes and substrates join?

A

the positions, sequences, structures, and properties of these residues create a very specific chemical environment within the active site. A specific chemical substrate matches this site like a jigsaw puzzle piece and makes the enzyme specific to its substrate

35
Q

true or false? active sites have specificity.

A

true

36
Q

where can enzymes be located?

A

within cells (dna polymerase), embedded in plasma membrane (lactase in walls of small intestines), secreted from cells (pancreatic amylase)

37
Q

Mechanism of action for an enzyme in a decomposition reaction
substrate: lactose. enzyme: lactase)

A

1) the substrate lactose binds to the enzyme
2)enzyme changes shape, resulting in an induced fit between substrate and enzyme.
3) the bond is broken between glucose and galactose
4) glucose and galactose are released. the enzyme can now bind to other substances

38
Q

mechanism of action for an enzyme in a synthesis reaction
substrate: glucose monomers enzyme: glycogen synthetase

A

they fit together and stay together the product is glycogen, and the enzyme is free to bind other substrates

39
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

a molecule or “helper” ion required to ensure that a reaction occurs.

40
Q

difference between organic and inorganic coenzymes

A

inorganic cofactors attach to enzyme (i.e zinc ion required for carbonic anhydrase to function). Organic factors are called coenzymes. like vitamins or modified nucleotides

41
Q

Where do enzyme names come from?

A

name of substrate/product, subclass, suffix-ase

42
Q

so much substrate is present that all enzyme molecules are engaged in reaction

A

saturation

43
Q

true or false : severe increases in temperature cause protein denaturation with loss of function

A

True

44
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytosol

45
Q

where does the intermediate stage of cellular respiration take place?

A

mitochondria

46
Q

What determines the number of ATP molecules generated?

A

entry point of electrons into the transport chain

47
Q

Electrons from NADH enter at top

A

passed through 3 H+ pumps, generates 3 ATP molecules

48
Q

electrons from FADH2 enter at second pump

A

generates 2 ATP molecules

49
Q

how does cyanide cause cyanide poisoning?

A

inhibits electron transport and ATP production, electrons unable to reach oxygen

50
Q

why is energy conversion always less than 100%?

A

some of the energy is released as heat

51
Q

true or false? chemical energy is a form of kinetic energy.

A

False. potential energy.

52
Q

where does ATP come from?

A

nutrients we eat

53
Q
A

A&P (11 decks)

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