Final study deck. Everything I don't know.

Question 1

What are the four elements that form over 95% of body mass?

Answer 1

Oxygen 65%

Carbon 18%

Hydrogen 10%

Nitrogen 3%

Question 2

Difference between Replication, transcription, and translation

Answer 2

Replication:DNA used as Pattern for more DNA

Transcription: DNA used as a pattern to form RNA (tRNA, mRNA, rRNA)

Translation: using RNA to manufacture proteins.

Question 3

Define Desmosomes

Answer 3

Cell membranes connected by very thin layers of proteglycans reinforced by cytoplasmic fibrils

common at surface of skin

Question 4

Define Gap junctions

Answer 4

Interlocking proteins that form tiny connecting channels between cytoplasm & adjacent cells

Allow ions & small molecules to pass between cells

Common in cardiac & smooth muscle tissue.

Question 5

Define Tight junctions

Answer 5

Partial fusion of lipid portions of adjacent cell membranes

Strong connections

found between cells near exposed surfaces

Form barrier against bacteria, acids, wastes. ETC.

Question 6

Define Intermediate junctions

Answer 6

Adjacent cell membranes are cemented togeather by protein/ polysaccharide complexes called proteoglaycans.

Question 7

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 7

Double membranes extending throughout the cytosol from the nucleus to cell membrane

involved i lipid synthesis and detoxification

ribosomes bind to (ER)to make rough ER

Channels proteins produced by attached ribosomes to golgi complex

Question 8

Golgi Complex

Answer 8

double membrane sacs and vescles near nucleus and connected to ER

Produces carbohydrates and glycoproteins, modifies and packages material for cellular secretion.

Question 9

Centrioles

Answer 9

Pair of microtubular structions located in an area near the nucleus called the centrosome

Organize the cellular microtubular structures and attach via them to chromosomes during cellular division.

Question 10

Name stages of Mitosis in Order

Answer 10

Prophase (chromosomes apear, dublicated chromosomes douring S Phase join via centromere)

Metaphase (46 Chromosomes line up individualy, spindle fibers attache to sentromeres)

Anaphase (Centromeres split, sister chromatids pulled toward opposit polls of cell)

Telophase (two new nuclear membrane appear, chromosomes unorganize to chromatin)

THEN Cyto Kinesis (division of cytoplasm)

Question 11

How is Meiosis different?

Answer 11

Two modified nuclear divisions, Chromosomes reduced from diploid (2N) number (46) to Haploid (N) number (23) in anaphase 2 centromeres split.

Question 13

Structure of Carbohydrates

Answer 13

Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio

most common 5 carbon sugars are ribose and deoxyribos

most common 6 carbon sugars are glucose, glactose and fructose.

Question 14

Sturcture of lipids

Answer 14

Have same major elemental components as carbohydrates but smaller % of oxygen.

Question 15

4 major kindes of lipids

Answer 15

Glycerides (3 carbon alcohol, alternative energy source)

Phospholipids (lipids that contain phosphorus)

Prostaglandins (Long chain fatty acids with a five (5) member cyclic group in structure, have hormone-like functions.

Steroids (3-6 carbon rings + 5 carbon ring eg. cholesterol for structural component of cell, Testosterone, estrogen, cortisones as hormones)