Chapter 5

Question 1

What are Bones Organic and Inorganic

compounds?

Answer 1

-Inorganic: Forms of calcium phosphate, Hydroxyapatite most commonly, -Organic: Cells, Fibers, and Ground substance.

Question 2

The three kinds of cells in bone tissue.

Answer 2

-Osteoblasts(Secrete fibers, and the organic part of the ground substance) -Osteoclasts (multinucleated, active in bone reabsorption) -Osteocytes (Retired Osteoblasts trapped by their own secretion)

Question 3

What is Lamellae?

Answer 3

The alternating layer of entrapped osteocytes and the matrix are called lamellae

Question 4

The four kinds of lamellae

Answer 4

Concentric, interstitial, and external.

Question 4

Lamellae that surround neurovascular channels within the cortex of bone are termed…

Answer 4

Osteonal or concentric lamellae.

Question 5

A set of concentric (osteonal) lamellae and neurovascular structures which they surround is an…

Answer 5

Osteon

Question 6

Central canals are…

Answer 6

Neurovascular passage ways of Osteons.

Question 7

Neurovascular passageways that pass through bone perpendicular to the long axis.

Answer 7

Nutrient canals.

Question 8

Canaliculi are…

Answer 8

Tiny channels through the lamellae.

Question 9

How many bones in the superior limb?

Answer 9

34 bones with 22 long bones, eight short bones and two sesamoid bones.

Question 10

How many bones in the inferior limb.

Answer 10

33 bones. One flat bone, 22 long bones, seven short bones, and three sesamoid bones.

Question 11

an Osteon is…

Answer 11

a set of concentric lamellae and the neurovasclar structures which they surround.

Question 12

The partial remnants of existing lamellae left behined by osteoclasts as they reabsorb stuff.

Answer 12

Interstitial lamellae

Question 13

What is External circumferential lamellae?

Answer 13

The several layers of lamellae that surround the bone.

Question 14

Lamellae that lines the medullary cavities in mature bones.

Answer 14

Internal circumferential lamellae.

Question 15

Name the tissues found in bones.

Answer 15

Nervous tissue, Smooth muscle tissue, Bone marrow tissue, Connective Tissue Proper, Cartilage, adipose tissue, and epithelium tissue.

Question 16

Physical functions of bones…

Answer 16

Physical support, allow bow body movement, protective enclosures for vital organs

Question 17

Metabolic functions of bones…

Answer 17

House bone marrow tissue (which produces most of the blood cells Medullary store extra adipose tissue, stores calcium and phosphorus which helps the body maintain critical blood levels of those minerals.

Question 18

Classify the bones of the skeleton into two groups by position

Answer 18

Appendicular Skeleton (associated with limbs), Axial skeleton (within the head, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum),

Question 19

Classify the bones of the skeleton into 5 groups by shape

Answer 19

Long bones (Elongated diminution, 88 total 65 are phalanges), short bones (eight carpal bones in each wrist, seven tarsal bones in each ankle), flat bones (, irregular bones, Sesamoid bones.

Question 20

What are the shape of Axial vs. appendicular bones.

Answer 20

Axial are irregular/flat bones. Appendicular bones are primarily long/flat/short

Question 21

What are some of the features found in long bones only?

Answer 21

The epiphysis, and the Diaphysis

Question 22

The aria between the endosteum and the pariosteum?

Answer 22

The cortex

Question 23

What are the names and shapes of all the bones in the superior limb?

Answer 23

34 Bones total. two flat bones (clavicle, scapula) 22long bones, (humerus, radius, ulna, fife metacarpal bones, 14 phalanges), Eight short bones (carpal bones), and two sesamoid bones at the base of the thumb.

Question 24

What is the function of the pectoral girdle.

Answer 24

Supports the free parts of the superior limbs, provides lots of attachment for muscles which are attached to the limb the limb to the trunk

Question 25

What is the Pectoral girdle? And what bones form it?

Answer 25

incomplete ring of skeletal components formed by the two scapulae, two clavicles, and intervening manubrium of the sternum.

Question 26

Pectoral girdle bones part of the appendicular skeleton.

Answer 26

Clavicle, and scapula

Question 27

What are Phalanges?

Answer 27

Phalanx bones within the digits.

Question 28

How many phalanges comprise a digit?

Answer 28

3 on digits 2-5, 2 on the first digit.

Question 29

Name the bones of the inferior limb, and classify by shape.

Answer 29

33 bones total. one flat bone (os coxae), 22 long bones (femur bone, tibia, fibula, five metatarsal bones, 14 phalanges), seven short bones. (tarsal bones), and three sesamoid bones (two at the base of the big toe and the patella)

Question 30

Which appendicular bone is in the pelvic girdle?

Answer 30

os coxae

Question 31

What is the pelvic girdle.

Answer 31

Complete ring of skeletal components formed by the two ossa coax and the bony sacrum.

Question 32

What bones form the pelvic girdle?

Answer 32

Bony Sacrum, (two, left and right) ossa coxae

Question 33

What is the Pelvic girdle’s function?

Answer 33

supports free parts of the inferior limbs, site of origin for muscles which act on the limb.

Question 34

greater or “false” pelvis vs. lessor or “true pelvis”

Answer 34

The narrow portion of the pelvic girdle is the inferior pelvic opening or minor pelvis vs. the wider flair above i.e. the major pelvis or superior pelvic opening.

Question 35

What bones fuse to form the os coxae (hip bone)?

Answer 35

ilium ischium, and pubis.

Question 36

Digits of the manus vs. digits of the tarsus.

Answer 36

exactly the same.

Question 37

Which appendicular bones have “bone” in the name?

Answer 37

Total: 8 Carpal bones, 10 metacarpal bones, 2 femur bones, 14 tarsal bones, 10 metatarsal bones, and 4 sesamoid bones.

Question 38

DAMN IT mnemonic

Answer 38

Degenerative, anomalous, metabolic, neoplastic, infectious, and traumatic; the six major etiological categories of disease.

Question 39

Define Osteoporosis

Answer 39

Excessive skeletal demineralization.

Question 40

Define osteomalacia

Answer 40

In adaults, vitamin D deficiency causes a demineralization syndrome called osteomalacia.

Question 41

Osseous tissue on a bone.

Answer 41

Periosteum, and Endosteum tissue (c.t. proper)

Question 42

What constitutes the free part of a limb?

Answer 42

those portions which extend away from the trunk and can be freely moved relative to the trunk.

Question 43

What causes blood calcium levels to rise?

Answer 43

Parathyroid hormones

Question 44

Which of the functions of bones are related primarily to the organ level of bone organization, and which ones are related to the bone tissue level?

Answer 44

Organ level: Fat storage, and all other physical functions of bones, Tissue Level: calcium/phosphorus storage

Question 45

Where are osteoblasts found?

Answer 45

on the “surface”, including the walls of the microscopic tunnels left behind after osteoclastic activity.

Question 46

What shapes of bones are found in the axial skeleton?

Answer 46

flat, irregular.

Question 47

How do osteoclasts break down the minerals in bone tissue?

Answer 47

believed to secrete hidrogen ions with a low pH.