Chapter 5 Flashcards
What are Bones Organic and Inorganic
compounds?
-Inorganic: Forms of calcium phosphate, Hydroxyapatite most commonly, -Organic: Cells, Fibers, and Ground substance.
The three kinds of cells in bone tissue.
-Osteoblasts(Secrete fibers, and the organic part of the ground substance) -Osteoclasts (multinucleated, active in bone reabsorption) -Osteocytes (Retired Osteoblasts trapped by their own secretion)
What is Lamellae?
The alternating layer of entrapped osteocytes and the matrix are called lamellae
The four kinds of lamellae
Concentric, interstitial, and external.
Lamellae that surround neurovascular channels within the cortex of bone are termed…
Osteonal or concentric lamellae.
A set of concentric (osteonal) lamellae and neurovascular structures which they surround is an…
Osteon
Central canals are…
Neurovascular passage ways of Osteons.
Neurovascular passageways that pass through bone perpendicular to the long axis.
Nutrient canals.
Canaliculi are…
Tiny channels through the lamellae.
How many bones in the superior limb?
34 bones with 22 long bones, eight short bones and two sesamoid bones.
How many bones in the inferior limb.
33 bones. One flat bone, 22 long bones, seven short bones, and three sesamoid bones.
an Osteon is…
a set of concentric lamellae and the neurovasclar structures which they surround.
The partial remnants of existing lamellae left behined by osteoclasts as they reabsorb stuff.
Interstitial lamellae
What is External circumferential lamellae?
The several layers of lamellae that surround the bone.
Lamellae that lines the medullary cavities in mature bones.
Internal circumferential lamellae.
Name the tissues found in bones.
Nervous tissue, Smooth muscle tissue, Bone marrow tissue, Connective Tissue Proper, Cartilage, adipose tissue, and epithelium tissue.
Physical functions of bones…
Physical support, allow bow body movement, protective enclosures for vital organs
Metabolic functions of bones…
House bone marrow tissue (which produces most of the blood cells Medullary store extra adipose tissue, stores calcium and phosphorus which helps the body maintain critical blood levels of those minerals.
Classify the bones of the skeleton into two groups by position
Appendicular Skeleton (associated with limbs), Axial skeleton (within the head, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum),
Classify the bones of the skeleton into 5 groups by shape
Long bones (Elongated diminution, 88 total 65 are phalanges), short bones (eight carpal bones in each wrist, seven tarsal bones in each ankle), flat bones (, irregular bones, Sesamoid bones.
What are the shape of Axial vs. appendicular bones.
Axial are irregular/flat bones. Appendicular bones are primarily long/flat/short
What are some of the features found in long bones only?
The epiphysis, and the Diaphysis
The aria between the endosteum and the pariosteum?
The cortex
What are the names and shapes of all the bones in the superior limb?
34 Bones total. two flat bones (clavicle, scapula) 22long bones, (humerus, radius, ulna, fife metacarpal bones, 14 phalanges), Eight short bones (carpal bones), and two sesamoid bones at the base of the thumb.
What is the function of the pectoral girdle.
Supports the free parts of the superior limbs, provides lots of attachment for muscles which are attached to the limb the limb to the trunk
What is the Pectoral girdle? And what bones form it?
incomplete ring of skeletal components formed by the two scapulae, two clavicles, and intervening manubrium of the sternum.
Pectoral girdle bones part of the appendicular skeleton.
Clavicle, and scapula
What are Phalanges?
Phalanx bones within the digits.
How many phalanges comprise a digit?
3 on digits 2-5, 2 on the first digit.
Name the bones of the inferior limb, and classify by shape.
33 bones total. one flat bone (os coxae), 22 long bones (femur bone, tibia, fibula, five metatarsal bones, 14 phalanges), seven short bones. (tarsal bones), and three sesamoid bones (two at the base of the big toe and the patella)
Which appendicular bone is in the pelvic girdle?
os coxae
What is the pelvic girdle.
Complete ring of skeletal components formed by the two ossa coax and the bony sacrum.
What bones form the pelvic girdle?
Bony Sacrum, (two, left and right) ossa coxae
What is the Pelvic girdle’s function?
supports free parts of the inferior limbs, site of origin for muscles which act on the limb.
greater or “false” pelvis vs. lessor or “true pelvis”
The narrow portion of the pelvic girdle is the inferior pelvic opening or minor pelvis vs. the wider flair above i.e. the major pelvis or superior pelvic opening.
What bones fuse to form the os coxae (hip bone)?
ilium ischium, and pubis.
Digits of the manus vs. digits of the tarsus.
exactly the same.
Which appendicular bones have “bone” in the name?
Total: 8 Carpal bones, 10 metacarpal bones, 2 femur bones, 14 tarsal bones, 10 metatarsal bones, and 4 sesamoid bones.
DAMN IT mnemonic
Degenerative, anomalous, metabolic, neoplastic, infectious, and traumatic; the six major etiological categories of disease.
Define Osteoporosis
Excessive skeletal demineralization.
Define osteomalacia
In adaults, vitamin D deficiency causes a demineralization syndrome called osteomalacia.
Osseous tissue on a bone.
Periosteum, and Endosteum tissue (c.t. proper)
What constitutes the free part of a limb?
those portions which extend away from the trunk and can be freely moved relative to the trunk.
What causes blood calcium levels to rise?
Parathyroid hormones
Which of the functions of bones are related primarily to the organ level of bone organization, and which ones are related to the bone tissue level?
Organ level: Fat storage, and all other physical functions of bones, Tissue Level: calcium/phosphorus storage
Where are osteoblasts found?
on the “surface”, including the walls of the microscopic tunnels left behind after osteoclastic activity.
What shapes of bones are found in the axial skeleton?
flat, irregular.
How do osteoclasts break down the minerals in bone tissue?
believed to secrete hidrogen ions with a low pH.
