Chapter 3 Histology

Question 1

Define: Histology

Answer 1

The study of tissues, also synonymous with microscopic anatomy.

Question 2

Define: Extracellular matrix

Answer 2

The material outside of and Between cells. In many tissues it includes amorphous protein/polysaccharide material called ground substance.

Question 3

Define Ground Substance

Answer 3

The glue of the Extracellular matrix. Made of a protein/ polysaccharide component.

Question 4

Define: Tissues

Answer 4

Groups of similar cells, and the extracellular matrix (products) in which they are embedded.

Question 5

What Does the cellular Matrix consist of?

Answer 5

extracellular fibers, and amorphous ground substance.

Question 6

What are the four basic types of tissue

Answer 6

Muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue.

Question 7

What are the three Primary Germ layers?

Answer 7

Ectoderm (outer layer), Mesoderm (middle layer), and Endoderm (inner layer)

Question 8

What Tissues does the Ectoderm layer form?

Answer 8

Epithelium, and all of the nervous tissue of the body.

Question 9

What Tissues does the Mesoderm layer form?

Answer 9

all the connective tissue, all the muscle tissue, and the epithelium lining the vessels and serous body cavities.

Question 10

What Tissues does the Endoderm layer form.

Answer 10

Forms the lining epithelium of most parts of the visceral body systems.

Question 11

Epithelial Tissue forms in which germ layers?

Answer 11

Endoderm, mesoderm, and Ectoderm

Question 12

Muscle Tissue forms in which germ layer?

Answer 12

Mesoderm

Question 13

Connective Tissue forms in which germ layers?

Answer 13

mesoderm

Question 14

Nervous Tissue forms in which germ layer?

Answer 14

ectoderm

Question 15

What are the 3 types of Muscle cells?

Answer 15

Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal

Question 16

Describe Skeletal muscle.

Answer 16

Voluntary movement, striations, cylindrical, multi multinucleated, Nucli around the edges of the cell.

Question 17

Describe Cardiac muscle.

Answer 17

Involuntary, striations, Y shaped, centrally located nucleus, joined end-to-end by INTERCALATED DISCS

Question 18

Simple epithelia:

Answer 18

One cell layer thick

Question 19

Stratified epithelia

Answer 19

Two or more cell layers thick

Question 20

Epithelial tissue may be?

Answer 20

squamous epithelium, cuboidal epithelium, columnar epithelium.

Question 21

What are the two major categories of Epithelium?

Answer 21

Membranous epithelium, and glandular epithelium.

Question 22

Describe Membranous epithelium on the basis of blood supply, presence of basement membrane, and general location in the body.

Answer 22

No blood vessels (instead uses diffusion by adjacent tissues), In contact with the basement membrane, covers outer surfaces and lines the inner surfaces of the body.

Question 23

Describe Glandular epithelium on the basis of blood supply, presence of basement membrane, and general location in the body.

Answer 23

Has a blood supply, Located everywhere Membranous Epithelium is located, Lacks a basement membrane.

Question 24

Membranous Epithelium can be divided into 6 categories. What are they?

Answer 24

Simple (one cell thick): Squamous, cuboidal,columnar AND Stratified (more than one cell thick) Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar.

Question 25

Name and Location of two Untypical Membranous Epithelium that don’t fit the usual classification scheme.

Answer 25

Pseudostratified Columnar Membranous Epithelium lining the air conducting passageways of the respiratory system, and Transitional Membranous Epithelium lining the bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra.

Question 26

What is the function of Membranous Epithelium?

Answer 26

Formes protective boundaries between the environment and more deeply located structures. May be modified into Glandular epithelium, which secretes many things.

Question 27

Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands in Glandular Epithelium.

Answer 27

Exocrine Glands maintain surface connection via Lumen, or by being physically located at the surface (goblet cells). Endocrine glands have no contact with the surface, and have no known function other than to produce hormones.

Question 28

Simple vs. Compound in exocrine glands of Glandular Epithelium cells.

Answer 28

Used to Indicate whether the duct is single or multiple. There are simple and compound Tubular, alveolar, and tubuloalveolar styles of ducts. Compound glands have branching ducts.

Question 29

Development of Endocrine vs. Exocrine glands

Answer 29

Endocrine glands start life out as Exocrine glands Until they loose all contact with the surface, they are not subdivided. Exocrine glands are divided by Mode of Secretion, Shape of Duct, and by Shape of secratory part.

Question 30

What are the three cell types of bone tissue?

Answer 30

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.

Question 31

What is connective tissue proper also known as?

Answer 31

Fibrous connective tissue.

Question 32

List the three components found in all connective tissue.

Answer 32

Cells, Fibers, ground substance.

Question 33

List the major types of connective tissue and state where they are located in the body.

Answer 33

-Connective tissue proper (Present to some degree in essentially all organs) -Bone tissue (The main structural component of bones) -Cartilage (Articular Surfaces of bones, coastal cartilages, Invertebrate discs, Pinna of The ear, tracheal cartilages) –Blood (Within organs of the cardiovascular system) – Adipose tissue or fat (Within subcutaneous tissue, Medullary cavities of bones, peritoneum, pericardium)

Question 34

What fibers constitute Connective tissue proper.

Answer 34

Elastic fibers, reticular fibers, Collagenous fibers.

Question 35

On what basis is connective tissue proper classified on?

Answer 35

Density dense/loose, and arrangement regular/irregular.

Question 36

Name the subtypes of Cartlidge and state the predominant fiber type present in each.

Answer 36

-Hyaline Cartilage (Fibers made of reticulin-like protein) -Elastic cartilage (Elastic fibers) -Fibrocartilage (Collagen fibers)

Question 37

What are the two groups of cells found in nervous tissue? And how are they different?

Answer 37

Nervous tissue consists of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons conduct Impulses. Neuroglia do not.

Question 38

Define axon and dendrite.

Answer 38

-Processes that conduct impulses toward the cell bodies are dendrites. -Neuronal processes that carry impulses away from the cell bodies are called axons.