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Biology 1610 > Final Review Terms > Flashcards

Final Review Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the properties of life?

A

Cellular organization, metabolism, homeostasis, growth and reproduction, and heredity.

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2
Q

How do the properties apply to biology?

A

They help us to classify living things in the world. Not everything that exists is technically “alive”. For example, viruses are able to reproduce, which is a property of life, but they are not considered life.

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3
Q

Define reductionism.

A

Making complex, hard things easier to understand.

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4
Q

What is cell theory?

A

Everything alive is made of cells and cells procreate more cells.

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5
Q

How are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells different?

A

Eukaryotic cells have organelles and a nucleus and are more complex than prokaryotic cells.

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6
Q

Why is life divided into hierarchical groups?

A

Because there is so much life on Earth, it makes things easier if we can classify organisms into groups.

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7
Q

3 Domains of Life

A

Bacteria: single celled

Archaea: single celled

Eukarya: protists, fungi, plants, animals

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8
Q

Define the three principles of natural selection.

A
  1. Phenotypic variation.
  2. Survival of the fittest.
  3. Genetic variation.
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9
Q

Explain the difference between discovery based and hypothesis based science?

A

Discovery: simply observing

Hypothesis: collecting data with a preformed thesis

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10
Q

What is the difference between an element and a compound

A

An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into another substance. A compound is a combination of two or more elements.

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11
Q

State the four elements that make up the majority of life.

A

Nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon.

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12
Q

List the charge and mass for each of the three subatomic particles.

A

Protons are positive and have a mass of 1 AU. Electrons are negative and they have no mass because they are so small. Neutrons have no charge, and the have a mass of 1 AU.

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13
Q

What is an atomic number?

A

The number of protons that are in the nucleus of the atom.

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14
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

The combined total of protons and neutrons in an atom.

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15
Q

Define isotope.

A

They are atoms from the same element, but they differ in number of neutrons.

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16
Q

What is an radioactive isotope?

A

When the isotope decays, giving off energy and potentially dangerous particles.

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17
Q

How are radioactive isotopes used in biology?

A

They can be used in chemotherapy, and they can detect medical problems.

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18
Q

Explain the difference between covalent and ionic bonds?

A

When atoms share electrons, they are covalent. They are ionic when they give or take electrons.

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19
Q

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar bonds?

A

When polar bonds happen, the bond is not equal.

20
Q

Define hydrogen bond.

A

They are bonds between molecules, not atoms.

21
Q

Explain why water is biologically important?

A

It is resistant to temperature change. It is less dense as ice than as liquid. It has surface tension. Water is a solvent. Water is polar.

22
Q

Explain the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

A

Hydrophobic means that the substance “hates” water. Oil is an example of this. Hydrophilic means that the substance “loves” water and is easily dissolved. Sodium chloride is hydrophilic.

23
Q

What is pH?

A

It is how much hydrogen ions are in a substance.

24
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

They are molecules that are bonded with carbon. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are all organic molecules.

25
Q

Explain hydrocarbons.

A

They are organic molecules that contain only hydrogen and carbon.

26
Q

Define macromolecules, polymers, and monomers.

A

Macromolecules are made of polymers which are made of small units of molecules called monomers. Example: glucose to cellulose to carbohydrates.

27
Q

How do we use macromolecules?

A

We use them in cellular respiration for chemical energy.

28
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

They are macromolecules of sugars.

29
Q

Why is fiber good for us?

A

Because it helps keep our gastrointestinal tract healthy.

30
Q

What is a lipid?

A

A macromolecule of fat.

31
Q

What are biological benefits of fat?

A

They keep our cells lipidy, they are used for storage, and they help our nerves.

32
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated?

A

Saturated fats are solid at room temperature, made from animals, and it has smooth tails. Unsaturated fats are liquids at room temperature, are made from plants, and they have kinked tails.

33
Q

What are hydrogenated fats?

A

They are unsaturated fats that have hydrogen added to them artificially.

34
Q

What are steroids and why are they important?

A

They are organic compounds made in the shape of four rings. Some steroids like cholesterol are good for you.

35
Q

Define proteins.

A

They are complex macromolecules made of amino acids.

36
Q

What are the categories of protein use?

A

Structure, carriers, receptors, enzymes, antibodies, and contractile.

37
Q

What does structure dictates function mean?

A

That the structure of the object determines what the object will be used for. For example, enzymes will only bind with substrates that have the same structure.

38
Q

What determines protein shape?

A

How the amino acids are put together.

39
Q

Four levels of protein structure:

A
  1. Primary protein in its unique structure of amino acids
  2. Secondary most proteins, consist of coils and folds in polypeptide chains,
  3. Tertiary determined by interactions among R-groups.
  4. Quaternary structure when a proteins has multiple polypeptide chains
40
Q

Why are nucleic acids important?

A

Because DNA and RNA, which are the nucleic acids, instruct cells.

41
Q

Define the semipermeable barrier.

A

The membrane only allows certain things to pass inside the cell.

42
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Protects and contains the DNA.

43
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

They make amino acids from RNA.

44
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

It is where cellular respiration takes place.

45
Q

Describe three ways that cells move.

A

Prokaryotic cells move by flagellar movement. Eukaryotic cells move by crawling, cilia, or flagellar movement.

46
Q

Define metabolism.

A

All the chemical processes that occur in living things.

Biology 1610 (21 decks)

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