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Biology 1610 > Exam 1 Practice > Flashcards

Exam 1 Practice Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?

12

18

1

0

6

A

6

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2
Q

Which of these refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses?

These atoms have different numbers of protons.

These atoms have different numbers of electrons.

These atoms are different elements.

These atoms are isomers.

These atoms are isotopes.

A

These atoms are isotopes.

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3
Q

Fluorine’s atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?

81

28

10

19

9

A

10

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4
Q

An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have?

0

5

6

16

11

A

5

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5
Q

Each element is unique and different from other elements because of the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms. Which of the following indicates the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus?

atomic mass

atomic number

atomic weight

mass weight

mass number

A

atomic number

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6
Q

The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold up to _____ electrons.

18

8

1

32

2

A

2

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7
Q

Which of these relationships is true of an uncharged atom?

The number of neutrons is equal to the number of protons.

The atomic mass is equal to the number of electrons.

The atomic mass is equal to the atomic number.

The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.

The number of electrons is equal to the number of neutrons.

A

The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.

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8
Q

What determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in?

its atomic mass

the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell

its atomic number

the number of protons it contains

the number of electrons in the innermost electron shell

A

the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell

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9
Q

What is the difference between starch and cellulose?

A

Starch is made of alpha glucose monomers. All oxygen bonds are down, which makes it curve. Used for energy STORAGE. Cellulose is made of beta glucose monomers. Oxygen bonds alternate, making it straight. Used for STRUCTURE.

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10
Q

A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. molecule shell isotope ion community

A

Molecule

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11
Q

Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____. are different ions have different numbers of neutrons have different atomic masses have different atomic numbers are different isotopes

A

are different ions

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12
Q

In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?

hydrogen

ionic

hydrophobic

nonpolar

covalent

polar covalent

A

Ionic

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13
Q

What is the result of the animated process? a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged chlorine ion a negatively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged chlorine ion a positively charged sodium ion and a positively charged chlorine ion covalent bond formation a negatively charged sodium ion and a positively charged chlorine ion

A

a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged chlorine ion

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14
Q

An ionic bond involves _____. an attraction between ions of opposite charge the unequal sharing of an electron pair the sharing of a single pair of electrons water avoidance no atoms other than sodium and chlorine

A

an attraction between ions of opposite charge

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15
Q

Please refer to the figure to answer the following question.

Which drawing depicts the electron configuration of neon ( 2010Ne)?

A B C D E

A

E

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16
Q

What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?

hydrophilic ionic hydrophobic covalent hydrogen

A

Covalent

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17
Q

Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature?

the release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds

water’s change in density when it condenses

water’s high surface tension

the absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds

water’s ability to dissolve molecules in the air

A

the absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because

oxygen has a valence of 2.

each of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule is weakly negative in charge.

the water molecule is shaped like a tetrahedron.

the oxygen atom in a water molecule has a weak positive charge.

the bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds.

A

the bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds.

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19
Q

Which of the following effects is produced by the high surface tension of water?

Lakes don’t freeze solid in winter, despite low temperatures.

Organisms resist temperature changes, although they give off heat due to chemical reactions.

A water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond.

The pH of water remains exactly neutral.

Water can act as a solvent.

A

A water strider can walk across the surface of a small pond.

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20
Q

Water’s high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the

absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form.

high specific heat of oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

inability of water to dissipate heat into dry air.

fact that water is a poor heat conductor.

small size of the water molecules.

A

absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds break and form

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21
Q

Which type of bond must be broken for water to vaporize?

ionic bonds

hydrogen bonds

polar covalent bonds

nonpolar covalent bonds

covalent bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

Why does ice float in liquid water?

The liquid water molecules have more kinetic energy and thus support the ice. Ice always has air bubbles that keep it afloat.

The crystalline lattice of ice causes it to be denser than liquid water.

The ionic bonds between the molecules in ice prevent the ice from sinking.

Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water.

A

Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water.

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23
Q

What is the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion [H+] concentration of 10-8 M?

pH 8

pH 6

pH 4

pH 2

pH 10

A

pH 8

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24
Q

If the pH of a solution is decreased from 9 to 8, it means that the

concentration of OH- has increased 10-fold (10X) compared to what it was at pH 9; concentration of H+ remains unchanged.

concentration of H+ has decreased to one-tenth (1/10) what it was at pH 9; concentration of OH-remains unchanged.

concentration of H+ has increased 10-fold (10X) compared to what it was at pH 9; concentration of OH- remains unchanged.

concentration of OH- has decreased to one-tenth (1/10) what it was at pH 9; concentration of H+remains unchanged.

concentration of H+ has increased 10-fold (10X) compared to what it was at pH 9 and concentration of OH– has decreased to one-tenth (1/10) what it was at pH 9.

A

concentration of H+ has increased 10-fold (10X) compared to what it was at pH 9 and concentration of OH– has decreased to one-tenth (1/10) what it was at pH 9.

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25
Q

The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are

ionic bonds.

polar covalent bonds.

covalent bonds between atoms within water molecules.

hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

nonpolar covalent bonds

A

hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

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26
Q

How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?

1

4

3

8

2

A

4

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27
Q

Which of the following is not a polymer?

glucose

starch

cellulose

chitin

DNA

A

Glucose

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28
Q

What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?

hydrolysis

dehydration reactions

the formation of disulfide

bridges between monomers

ionic bonding of monomers

phosphodiester linkages

A

Dehydration reactions

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29
Q

Glycogen is _____.

a transport protein that carries oxygen a polysaccharide found in animals

a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls

the form in which plants store sugars

a source of saturated fat

A

a polysaccharide found in animals

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30
Q

glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.

sucrose + water … dehydration synthesis

starch + water … dehydration synthesis

maltose + water … dehydration synthesis

lactose + water … hydrolysis

cellulose + water … hydrolysis

A

maltose + water … dehydration synthesis

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31
Q

Which of these is a source of lactose?

sugar

beets

potatoes

milk

starch

sugar cane

A

Milk

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32
Q

Which of these is a polysaccharide?

glucose

sucrose

lactose

galactose

cellulose

A

Cellulose

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33
Q

_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

Glycogen

Lactose

Starch

Cellulose

Glucose

A

Cellulose

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34
Q

Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose?

They are both used for energy storage in plants.

They can both be digested by humans.

They are both structural components of the plant cell wall.

They are geometric isomers of each other.

They are both polymers of glucose.

A

They are both polymers of glucose.

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35
Q

Which of the following is true of cellulose?

It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in animal cells.

It is a polymer composed of sucrose monomers.

It is a major structural component of plant cell walls.

It is a major structural component of animal cell plasma membranes.

It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells.

A

It is a major structural component of plant cell walls.

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36
Q

Which of these is NOT a lipid?

cholesterol

phospholipid

wax

RNA

steroids

A

RNA

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37
Q

This figure is an example of a(n) _____.

protein

unsaturated fat

nucleic acid

steroid

saturated fat

A

Saturated Fat

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38
Q

Which of these is a phospholipid?

A
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39
Q

Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?

olive oil

butter

beef fat

a fat that is solid at room temperature

lard

A

Olive Oil

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40
Q

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____.

the most abundant male sex hormone

as the primary female sex hormone

as a component of animal cell membranes

All of cholesterol’s effects cause the body harm.

in calcium and phosphate metabolism

A

as a component of animal cell membranes

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41
Q

The molecule shown in the figure is a

polypeptide.

unsaturated fatty acid.

saturated fatty acid.

triacylglycerol.

polysaccharide.

A

unsaturated fatty acid.

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42
Q

Proteins are polymers of _____.

amino acids

nucleotides

CH2O units

glycerol

hydrocarbons

A

amino acids

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43
Q

What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein’s primary structure?

S - S

hydrophobic

peptide

hydrogen

ionic

A

peptide

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44
Q

Which of these illustrates the secondary structure of a protein?

A
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45
Q

The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.

hydrogen bonds

peptide bonds

hydrophobic interactions

ionic bonds bonds between sulfur atoms

A

hydrogen bonds

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46
Q

Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____.

bonds between sulfur atoms

ionic bonds

peptide bonds

hydrogen bonds

hydrophobic interactions

A

peptide bonds

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47
Q

The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires

both the release of a carbon dioxide molecule and the addition of a nitrogen atom.

the addition of a water molecule.

the release of a carbon dioxide molecule.

the addition of a nitrogen atom.

the release of a water molecule.

A

the release of a water molecule.

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48
Q

There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another?

different amino groups attached to an alpha (α) carbon

different carboxyl groups attached to an alpha (α) carbon

different side chains (R groups) attached to an alpha (α) carbon

different alpha (α) carbons different asymmetric carbons

A

different side chains (R groups) attached to an alpha (α) carbon

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49
Q

Which type of interaction stabilizes the alpha (α) helix and the beta (β) pleated sheet structures of proteins?

hydrogen bonds

ionic bonds

hydrophobic interactions

peptide bonds

nonpolar covalent bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

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50
Q

The structure depicted in the figure shows the

1-4 linkage of the β glucose monomers of cellulose.

β pleated sheet secondary structure of a polypeptide.

1-4 linkage of the α glucose monomers of starch.

α helix secondary structure of a polypeptide.

double helical structure of a DNA molecule.

A

α helix secondary structure of a polypeptide

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51
Q

Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?

a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar

a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil

A

a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar

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52
Q

Which of the following statements best summarizes the structural differences between DNA and RNA?

DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides.

RNA is a protein, whereas DNA is a nucleic acid.

RNA is a protein, whereas DNA is a nucleic acid; and RNA is a double helix, but DNA is single-stranded.

RNA is a double helix, but DNA is single-stranded

. DNA is a protein, whereas RNA is a nucleic acid.

A

DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides.

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53
Q

he structure of a chloroplast is closely tied to its function as the site of photosynthesis.

Some of the following statements are true for chloroplasts; others are true for mitochondria.

Which statements are true for chloroplasts? Select the three that apply.

They contain the green pigment chlorophyll.

They are the sites of reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy.

Their matrix contains enzymes that function in cellular respiration. Their inner membrane has infoldings called cristae.

They have membranous sacs called thylakoids that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma.

They are the sites of reactions that convert chemical energy to ATP.

A

They contain the green pigment chlorophyll.

They are the sites of reactions that convert solar energy into chemical energy

They have membranous sacs called thylakoids that are surrounded by a fluid called stroma.

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54
Q

Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondrion

lysosome

ribosome

contractile

vacuole

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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55
Q

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

rough ER

plasmodesmata

tight junctions

Golgi vesicles

lysosomes

A

rough ER

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56
Q

Which of the following is a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

Golgi apparatus

peroxisome

mitochondrion

lysosome

vacuole

A

vacuole

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57
Q

Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include

chloroplasts.

mitochondria.

ribosomes.

mitochondria and chloroplasts only

ribosomes,

mitochondria, and chloroplasts

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts only

58
Q

Which of the following are capable of converting light energy to chemical energy?

Golgi bodies

mitochondria

chloroplasts

peroxisomes

leucoplasts

A

chloroplasts

59
Q

Why isn’t the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system?

It has too many vesicles.

It is not attached to the outer nuclear envelope.

Its structure is not derived from the ER.

It only has two membrane layers.

It is not involved in protein synthesis.

A

Its structure is not derived from the ER.

60
Q

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

mitochondrion

ER

nuclear envelope

ribosome

chloroplast

A

ribosome

61
Q

Which statement correctly characterizes bound ribosomes?

The most common location for bound ribosomes is the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.

Bound ribosomes are enclosed in their own membrane.

Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins. Bound and free ribosomes are structurally different.

All of the above.

A

Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins and secretory proteins.

62
Q

Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This “tagging” of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track their location. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme secreted by pancreatic cells. What is its most likely pathway?

nucleus→ER→Golgi

ER→Golgi→vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

ER→lysosomes→vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

Golgi→ER→lysosome ER→Golgi→nucleus

A

ER→Golgi→vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

63
Q

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?

centriole

wall made of cellulose

mitochondrion

central vacuole

chloroplast

A

mitochondrion

64
Q

Which structure-function pair is mismatched?

Golgi; protein trafficking

nucleolus; production of ribosomal subunits

microtubule; muscle contraction

ribosome; protein synthesis

lysosome; intracellular digestion

A

microtubule; muscle contraction

65
Q

The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____.

intermediate filaments

tonofilaments

microtubules pili

microfilaments

A

microtubules

66
Q

Cells can be described as having a cytoskeleton of internal structures that contribute to the shape, organization, and movement of the cell. Which of the following are part of the cytoskeleton?

lysosomes

nucleoli

mitochondria

the nuclear envelope

microfilaments

A

microfilaments

67
Q

Which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane?

glycoproteins and cholesterol

phospholipids and cellulose

phospholipids and proteins

nucleic acids and proteins

proteins and cellulose

A

phospholipids and proteins

68
Q

For the following question, match the labeled component of the cell membrane (see the figure) with its description.

peripheral protein

A B C D E

A

D

69
Q

For the following question, match the labeled component of the cell membrane (see the figure) with its description.

cholesterol

A B C D E

A

E

70
Q

For the following question, match the labeled component of the cell membrane (see the figure) with its description.

fiber of the extracellular matrix

A B C D E

A

A

71
Q

For the following question, match the labeled component of the cell membrane (see the figure) with its description.

microfilament of the cytoskeleton

A B C D E

A

C

72
Q

According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following is a true statement about membrane phospholipids?

They are free to depart from the membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution. They frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other.

They occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane.

They have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane.

They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane.

A

They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane

73
Q

What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?

ionic

large and hydrophobic

small and hydrophobic

large polar monosaccharides such as glucose

A

small and hydrophobic

74
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane?

It requires the expenditure of cellular energy to function.

It has few, if any, hydrophobic amino acids.

It works against diffusion.

It is a peripheral membrane protein.

It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule.

A

It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule.

75
Q

When a plant cell, such as one from a peony stem, is submerged in a very hypotonic solution, what is likely to occur?

the cell will become flaccid

the cell will become turgid

plasmolysis will shrink the interior

the cell membrane will lyse

the cell will burst

A

the cell will become turgid

76
Q

According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, proteins of the membrane are mostly

embedded in a lipid bilayer.

randomly oriented in the membrane, with no fixed inside-outside polarity.

spread in a continuous layer over the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane.

free to depart from the fluid membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution. confined to the hydrophobic core of the membrane.

A

embedded in a lipid bilayer.

77
Q

Based on the figure above, which of these experimental treatments would increase the rate of sucrose transport into the cell?

adding a substance that makes the membrane more permeable to hydrogen ions

decreasing extracellular sucrose

concentration decreasing extracellular

pH decreasing cytoplasmic

pH adding an inhibitor that blocks the regeneration of ATP

A

decreasing extracellular pH

78
Q

When chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated?

It is transported to specific organs such as the brain.

It is used to store energy as more ATP.

It is lost to the environment.

It is used to power yet more cellular work.

It is used to generate ADP from nucleotide precursors.

A

It is lost to the environment.

79
Q

In general, enzymes are what kinds of molecules?

minerals

carbohydrates

nucleic acids

proteins

lipids

A

proteins

80
Q

Enzymes work by _____.

A

reducing EA

81
Q

An enzyme _____.

is an organic catalyst

is a inorganic catalyst

is a source of energy for endergonic reactions

can bind to nearly any molecule

increases the EA of a reaction

A

is an organic catalyst

82
Q

What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction?

active sites

substrate

reactors

EA products

A

substrate

83
Q

As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____.

is unchanged

is used up loses energy

permanently alters its shape.

loses a phosphate group

A

is unchanged

84
Q

What is the correct label for “A”?

substrate

energy ATP

energy of activation

uphill enzyme energy

A

energy of activation

85
Q

The active site of an enzyme is the region that

is inhibited by the presence of a coenzyme or a cofactor.

binds the products of the catalytic reaction.

binds allosteric regulators of the enzyme.

is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme.

A

is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme.

86
Q

What process occurs in Box A?

glycolysis

oxidative phosphorylation

electron transport

electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

the citric acid cycle

A

glycolysis

87
Q

What process occurs within Box B?

the citric acid cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

photophosphorylation

electron transport

glycolysis

A

The citric acid cycle

88
Q

What molecule is indicated by the letter D?

ATP

oxygen

glucose

water

pyruvate

A

oxygen

89
Q

Where does glycolysis takes place?

mitochondrial intermembrane space

cytosol

mitochondrial matrix

mitochondrial inner membrane

mitochondrial outer membrane

A

cytosol

90
Q

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?

1

4

5

3

2

A

2

91
Q

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.

cellular respiration

oxidative phosphorylation

photosynthesis

photophosphorylation

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

92
Q

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?

pyruvate

ATP

NADH

FADH2

A

FADH2

93
Q

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?

NADPH

hexokinase

ADP

ATP

FADH2

A

ATP

94
Q

In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.

2

4

1

5

3

A

2

95
Q

During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is

used to phosphorylate fructose to form fructose-6-phosphate.

retained in the pyruvate.

stored in the NADH produced.

transferred directly to ATP.

transferred to ADP, forming ATP.

A

retained in the pyruvate.

96
Q

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the “net” products of glycolysis are

6 CO2, 6 H2O, 36 ATP, and 2 citrate.

2 NAD+, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O.

2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O.

2 FADH2, 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, and 2 H2O.

6 CO2, 6 H2O, 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvate.

A

2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O.

97
Q

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

2 molecules of ATP are used and 2 molecules of ATP are produced.

2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced.

4 molecules of ATP are used and 2 molecules of ATP are produced.

2 molecules of ATP are used and 6 molecules of ATP are produced.

6 molecules of ATP are used and 6 molecules of ATP are produced.

A

2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced.

98
Q

During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?

mitochondrial matrix

mitochondrial inner membrane

mitochondrial intermembrane space

mitochondrial outer membrane cytosol

A

mitochondrial matrix

99
Q

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?

mitochondrial matrix cytosol

mitochondrial intermembrane space

mitochondrial outer membrane

mitochondrial inner membrane

A

mitochondrial intermembrane space

100
Q

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the

restoration of the Na+/K+ balance across the membrane.

creation of a proton gradient.

formation of ATP. reduction of NAD+.

lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix.

A

creation of a proton gradient.

101
Q

Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?

electron transport chain

cytosol

outer membrane

inner membrane

mitochondrial matrix

A

Inner membrane

102
Q

In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?

energy released as electrons flow through the electron transport system

No external source of energy is required because the reaction is exergonic. energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase

energy released from ATP synthase pumping hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix

energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation

A

energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase

103
Q

During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from?

carbon dioxide (CO2)

lactate (C3H5O3-)

glucose (C6H12O6)

pyruvate (C3H3O3-)

molecular oxygen (O2)

A

molecular oxygen (O2)

104
Q

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to

combine with carbon, forming CO2.

catalyze the reactions of glycolysis.

act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

combine with lactate, forming pyruvate.

yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chain.

A

act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

105
Q

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation

glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

fermentation and glycolysis

A

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

106
Q

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

cytosol mitochondrial matrix

mitochondrial intermembrane space

mitochondrial inner membrane

mitochondrial outer membrane

A

mitochondrial inner membrane

107
Q

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?

oxidative phosphorylation

glycolysis

the citric acid cycle

the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

chemiosmosis

A

glycolysis

108
Q

In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of

ATP, NADH, and pyruvate.

ATP, pyruvate, and oxygen.

ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol).

ATP, CO2, and lactate.

ATP, pyruvate, and acetyl CoA.

A

ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol).

109
Q

One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

reduce FAD+ to FADH2.

reduce FADH2 to FAD+.

oxidize NADH to NAD+.

reduce NAD+ to NADH.

none of the above

A

oxidize NADH to NAD+

110
Q

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP glycolysis

the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

the citric acid cycle

A

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

111
Q

Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O

H2O → 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2e-

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

112
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

C B D A E

A

E

113
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.

carbon dioxide … oxygen

NADPH … NADP+

water … NADPH

carbon dioxide … sugar

NADPH … oxygen

A

water … NADPH

114
Q

Which of these phosphorylates ADP to make ATP?

D E C A B

A

E

115
Q

_____ releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.

E B D A C

A

B

116
Q

_____ splits water into 1/2 O2, H+, and *e- *.

D A B E C

A

A

117
Q

Energized electrons from ____ enter an electron transport chain and are then used to reduce NADP+.

B C D E A

A

C

118
Q

Chlorophyll can be found in _____.

B and D

B and C

A and B

A and C

B and E

A

A and C

119
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it.

Respiration is the reversal of the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis.

Respiration is anabolic and photosynthesis is catabolic.

Photosynthesis occurs only in plants and respiration occurs only in animals.

ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration.

A

Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it.

120
Q

Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?

electrons and H+

CO2 and glucose

ATP and NADPH

ADP, Pi, and NADP+

H2O and O2

A

ATP and NADPH

121
Q

In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules?

transfer electrons to ferredoxin and then NADPH

concentrate photons within the stroma

synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi

split water and release oxygen to the reaction-center chlorophyll

harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll

A

harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll

122
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

stroma of the chloroplast

chlorophyll molecule

outer membrane of the chloroplast

cytoplasm surrounding the chloroplast

thylakoid membrane

A

stroma of the chloroplast

123
Q

Which of the events listed below occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

NADP is produced.

light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.

NADPH is reduced to NADP+ carbon dioxide is incorporated into PGA.

ATP is phosphorylated to yield ADP.

A

light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.

124
Q

In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located?

plasma membrane

thylakoid membrane

thylakoid membrane, plasma membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

inner mitochondrial membrane

A

thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane

125
Q

In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from

the stroma to the thylakoid space.

the matrix to the stroma.

the intermembrane space to the matrix.

ATP synthase to NADP+ reductase.

the stroma to the photosystem II.

A

the stroma to the thylakoid space.

126
Q

Synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during

both photosynthesis and respiration.

neither photosynthesis nor respiration.

photorespiration.

photosynthesis.

respiration.

A

both photosynthesis and respiration.

127
Q

Generation of proton gradients across membranes occurs during

respiration.

neither photosynthesis nor respiration.

photorespiration.

both photosynthesis and respiration.

photosynthesis.

A

both photosynthesis and respiration.

128
Q

For the following question, compare the light reactions with the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis in plants.

Produces molecular oxygen (O2)

both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle

the Calvin cycle alone

light reactions alone

neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle occurs in the chloroplast but is not part of photosynthesis

A

light reactions alone

129
Q

For the following question, compare the light reactions with the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis in plants.

Produces NADPH

occurs in the chloroplast but is not part of photosynthesis

the Calvin cycle alone

neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle

both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle

light reactions alone

A

light reactions alone

130
Q

Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.

RuBP

NADPH

3-PGA

G3P

Rubisco

A

RuBP

131
Q

After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _____.

CO2

ATP

NADP+

ADP

NADPH

A

NADPH

132
Q

How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?

8

10

4

6

2

A

6

133
Q

In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?

1

4

2

5

3

A

3

134
Q

Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?

The light reactions provide the Calvin cycle with oxygen for electron flow, and the Calvin cycle provides the light reactions with water to split.

There is no relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.

The light reactions supply the Calvin cycle with CO2 to produce sugars, and the Calvin cycle supplies the light reactions with sugars to produce ATP.

The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the carbon fixation step of the Calvin cycle, and the cycle provides water and electrons to the light reactions. The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions.

A

The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions.

135
Q

Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place?

outer membrane of the chloroplast

electron transport chain

thylakoid space

stroma of the chloroplast

thylakoid membranes

A

stroma of the chloroplast

136
Q

What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?

synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

transport RuBP out of the chloroplast

split water and release oxygen

use NADPH to release carbon dioxide

use ATP to release carbon dioxide

A

synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide

137
Q

For the following question, compare the light reactions with the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis in plants.

Requires ATP

occurs in the chloroplast but is not part of photosynthesis

neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle

the Calvin cycle alone

both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle

light reactions alone

A

the Calvin cycle alone

138
Q

For the following question, compare the light reactions with the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis in plants.

Produces NADH

occurs in the chloroplast but is not part of photosynthesis

the Calvin cycle alone

both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle

light reactions alone

neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle

A

neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle

139
Q

For the following question, compare the light reactions with the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis in plants.

Produces three-carbon sugars

the Calvin cycle alone

occurs in the chloroplast but is not part of photosynthesis

light reactions alone

both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle

neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle

A

the Calvin cycle alone

140
Q

For the following question, compare the light reactions with the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis in plants.

Requires CO2

neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle

the Calvin cycle alone

both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle

light reactions alone

occurs in the chloroplast but is not part of photosynthesis

A

the Calvin cycle alone

141
Q

For the following question, compare the light reactions with the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis in plants.

Requires glucose

both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle

neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle

light reactions alone

the Calvin cycle alone

occurs in the chloroplast but is not part of photosynthesis

A

neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle

Biology 1610 (21 decks)

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