Final Review Flashcards
Isotonic
solution that has the same solute concentration as the normal cells of the body and blood.
Hypotonic
has more water(solvent) than solute
Hypertonic
solution with more stuff, less water
what will happen to an animal cell that is placed in a hypotonic solution?
it will burst
endergonic reaction
(uphill)
Chemical reaction that requires an input of energy; opposite of exergonic reaction.
plants use endergonic reactions to make a small amount of glucose. they then burn that energy and use exergonic reactions to assemble glucose molecules.
exergonic reation
(downhill)
proceed with a net release of free energy. reactions occure spontaneously
exmpl: water turbines flow downhill from one to the next
Metabolism
sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on inside a cell
where does glycolysis occure
in the cytoplasm of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
what are the reactants of glycolysis?
- 1molecule of glucose
- 2 ATP
what are the products of glycolysis?
- 2 pyruvate
- 4 ATP(2 net)
- 2 NADH
Glycolysis net yield
2 ATP + 2NADH + 2 pyruvate
where does the krebs cylce occur?
the mitochondrial matrix
KREBS CYCLE REACTANTS
2 ACETYL CO. A (co enzyme A) 2 FAD+ 2 NAD+ 2 ADP 2 PHOSPHATE
Products of Krebs cycle
4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2ATP
net yield of the krebs cycle?
2 ATP
where does the Electron transport chain occur?
cristae(inner membrane) of the mitochondria
Electron transport chain reactants
8-10 NADH
2-4 FADH
products of the Electron transport chain
32-34 ATP
net yield of the electron transport train
32-34 ATP
the movement of electrons down the mitochondrial electron transport chain
a- directly causes the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi
b- directly causes the formation of NADH from NAD+
c- moves protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space
d- captures light energy
c
durring mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, H2o is formed. Where does the
oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from?
a-pyruvate
b-carbon dioxide
c-atmosqheric oxygen
d-glucose
c
when glucose is broken down to pyruvate in glycolysis, most of the energy of glucose is: a- captured in a proton gradient b-retained in the pyruvate c-stored in the NADH d-transfered to ADP, forming ATP
b retained in the pyruvate
in anaerobic fermentation, cells convert pyruvate to lactate or to ethanol
and co2 because:
a- pyruvate is toxic and must be converted to a nontoxic end product
b- these reactions convert NADH back to NAD+
c- these reactions produce additional ATP
d- the reactions convert ATP back to ADP and Pi
b
which of the following statements about the krebs cycle is false? a-it uses O2 b-it produces CO2 c-it produces NADH d-it removes electrons from carbon
a
in aerobic respiration, energy from the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location? a- mitochondrial inner membrane b- mitochondrial intermembrane space c- cytosol d- mitochondrial outer membrane e- mitochondrial matrix
b- mitochondrial intermembrane space
The krebs cycle produces \_\_\_\_\_\_ co2 molecules per pyruvate a 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 e 0
a
which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis is False?
a- the splitting of water molecules provides a source of electrons
b- chlorophyll(and other pigments) absorb light energy which excites electrons
c- an electron transport chain is used to create a proton gradient
d- the proton gradient is used to reduce NADP+
e- some electrons are recycled and some are not
d
the cyclic electron flow is a part of which photosystem?
photosystem 1
in which photosystem does non cyclic electron flow occur?
it starts in photosystem 2 then moves to photosystem 1. so both
where do the electrons for non cyclic electron flow come from?
splitting water molecule(s)
what does topoisomerase do?
enzyme that relieves the tension in a helix as it
unwinds durring DNA synthesis
(like unwinding a phone cord)
DNA ligase
follows DNA polymerase 1. links the okasaki fragments of DNA on the lagging strand after the RNA primers have been replaced by DNA.
what do single-strand binding proteins do?
help hold DNA strands apart while they are
being replicated
DNA polymerase 3
adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of a growing DNA
strand
what does helicase do?
enzyme that untwists the double helix starting DNA replication
what are histones?
proteins that bind tightly to DNA because DNA is negatively charged and histones are positively charged. DNA wraps around histones then bunches together when chromosomes are formed.
what are okazaki fragments
parts of the lagging strand of DNA that join together to form a new strand
RNA primase
lays down an RNA primer on the lagging strand of DNA so DNA polymerase 3 knows where to begin laying down new DNA
what does DNA polymerase 1 do?
replaces the RNA primer on the lagging strand with DNA
in which direction is dna synthesized?
from 5’ to 3’
or
from 3’ to 5’
from 5’ to 3’
what is a gene?
a list of DNA instructions to make a protein.
Allele
One of the different forms of a gene which occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes.
