Final Review Flashcards by Kelly Grant

Both diploma idea and parabasala have modified ________ that either produce ATP directly without oxygen or only participate in enzymatic energy production.

Mitochondria

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Both the diplomonida and parabasalida have modified ________ that either produce ATP directly without oxygen or only participate in enzyme energy production

Mitochondria

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African sleeping sickness is caused by an infection of a species of

Trypanosome

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Many Euglena can live in a wide variety of habitats since they can be __________ and are capable of multiple forms of energy acquisition

mixotrophs

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Hazardous algal blooms (“red tides”) are caused by

Certain dinoflagellates

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The _____________ comprising major function of phytoplankton found in the oceans and freshwater bodies. Their tests are composed of calcium carbonate in their fossilized remains formed the Dover cliffs of England.

Foraminifera

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Which of the following propel themselves through their environment with cilia?

All of these

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This class includes organisms that are absorptive and form a multinucleate syncytium characterized by branching filaments in stock to reproductive structures

Plasmodial slimes

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Kelp forests are large populations of

Brown algae

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Land plants are most closely related to

Chlorophyta

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Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics are mismatched?

ciliates-red tide organisms

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Based on the tree, which statement is not correct?

Salamanders are is closely related to goats as to humans

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In a comparison of birds and mammals, having forelimbs is ____________

A shared ancestral characteristic

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A ___________ group includes the ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants.

paraphyletic

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The most inclusive taxonomic grouping is the _________.

Domain

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Consider the binomial naming system of the organism Bacillus subtitles. The term subtitles represents the __________.

Species

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Consider the father of paleontology, the scientists work influence thinking about whether life on earth was evolving or not

Cuvier

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Competition for limited resources as a check on population growth was an important contribution by __________ two Darwin’s theory of natural selection.

Malthus

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Evidence for establishing relatedness among organisms includes which of the following?

All of these

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An example of natural selection would be

Overuse of antibiotics

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Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology?

Dogs and wolves shared a common ancestor very recently

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Which of the following are characteristic of simple multi-cellularity

All of these

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Which of the following intracellular protein structures can be used for intracellular adhesion and communication

Gap junctions

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According to fix law, an increase which of the following variables would predict a decrease in flux rate?

Path length

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The size of a spherical cell is determined by

Surface area/volume ratio

Produced on development is characterized by

The blast a poor becoming the mouth

Which of the following groups would you expect to have a trochophore larvae?

Mollusks

Increase cellular specialization would be expected in

A triploblastic organism

Nematocysts are characteristic of which group?

Cnidaria

Water enters sponges through ________

porocytes

A gastrovascular cavity serves which function in organisms?

Both A and B

The theory of _________ proposes the origin of mitochondria occurred as the result of a primitive glycolytic eukaryotic cell engulfing and anaerobic proteobacterium

endosymbiosis

Radiolarians possess test (shells) made of _______

silica

________ structures are remnants of features that served function in an organism's ancestors

Vestigial

A eucoelom is completely surrounded by ________ tissue.

mesodermic

______ _______ is a means by which molecules move through organisms at rates beyond those possible by diffusion alone across a concentration gradient.

Bulk flow

Cephalization

The concentration of sensory organs of an organism at one end of the body, creating a kind of head. This end always leads into it the environment, bilateral.

Bilateral symmetry

Being symmetrical in half like humans are squirrels. In only one plane

Lophotrochozoa

A subgroup of bilateria that contains many species with throcophore or lophophore larvae

Filter feeder

filter feeders use cilia to create currents to bring food into their mouths then their gastrovascular cavity

Colloblast

Cells found in Ctenophora their sticky tendrils used to catch prey

The _________ region of the tapeworm produces new proglottids

Neck

The term schistosomiasis refers to infection by which type of parasite?

Fluke

Which of the following lacks a coelom?

Platyhelminthes

The most efficient digestive system would be found in

In insect

The distribution of oxygen in an echinoderm is achieved by

Using a hemocoel

Oligichates do not have any specialized respiratory organs because?

Their vermiform body exposes a large thin service to the external environment

The hemocoel is located within the ______ of a mollusk

Visceral mass

The medicinal leech is an example of a

Annelid

The anthropods possesses which of the following organ systems?

All of these

The phenomenon of portion, a 120° relocation of the anus relative to the mouth, is found only in the _____________.

Gastropoda

The arthropod emerges as a miniature version of the adult form. After each molt, the arthropod increases in size, yet does not change its body morphology. This is an example of

Incomplete metamorphosis

If the teacher wanted to show the students what a lophophore is and how it works, the teacher would point out a feeding

ectoproct

In a tidepool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that contains much calcium carbonate, in open circulatory system, and gills. The organism could potentially be a crab, shrimp, a particle, or bivalve. The presence of which of the following structures would allow for the most certain identification of the organism?

A mantle

Development of an unfertilized egg can allow females of the population to reproduce asexually. This phenomenon is termed

Parthenogenesis

In bivalves, food capturing gas exchange occurs along the surface of the

Ctenidia

The terminal segment of the water vascular system in echinoderms is the

Ampulla/tube foot

A chordate with an exoskeletal case around its brain and cephalic sensory organ is termed a

Craniate

The most advanced brain structures are observed in the

Octopus

The ________ describes the process of the erection of a fertilization membrane

Ca2+ induced cortical reaction

The morula look consists of ______ cells.

The blastocoel is formed during

Blastulation

All three germ layers are first present by this stage

Gastrula

The dorsal lip of the blastopore contributes to

Mesoderm formation

Which of the following correctly displays a sequence of developmental milestones?

Cleavage, morula, blastula and gastrula

The agnatha diverged involved jobs to produce the gnathostomata. which is the putative origin of the jaw?

Repurposed pharyngeal arches

Which of the following is truly unique to birds?

Feathers

The osteichthyes differ from the chondrichthyes in that

The osteichythes possesses a lateral line system

In the human embryo, the inner cell mass contributes to

The trilaminar embryo

Which of the following epithelial tissues would expect to be covering a gill surface?

Simple squamous

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue

All of these

Shivering thermogenesis is an example of

Negative feedback

The wind chill factor reported with temperature is an example of

Convection

Which of the following provides insulation for animals because of its ability to reduce heat transfer due to the formation of convection loops?

Fur

The thin horizontal arrow in the figure above shows that

The warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood

Examine the figure above. Near the big duces abdomen, the countercurrent arrangement of the arterial and venous blood vessels causes

The temperature difference between the contents of the two sets of vessels to be minimized

Radula

Ribbonlike structure used for feeding, capable of scraping or piercing prey, found in snails.

Visceral mass

Found in all mollusks, this is the inner area where the guts are found

Tissue

Made up of similar cell types brought together with a common function to make up organs

Endothermy

Temperature regulators, keep their temperature within a narrow range of values. Metabolic rate measured as BMR. Uses metabolic heat

Basal metabolic rate

Found in endotherms, this is the measure of the minimum energy needed to survive in calories or kilocalories. This can be measured by calorimetry or oxygen consumption.

Low blood pressure, and high proportion of body mass devoted to blood volume, inability to efficiently redirect blood flow. All this describes

An open circulatory system

Spiracles can be open or closed in the insect tracheal system. This purpose of this is primarily

To minimize water loss to the environment

The most important variable for regulating blood pressure and arteries is

Vessel diameter

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect its pH. This enables organism to sense a difference in gas levels as

The Medusa obligor, which is in contact with cerebral spinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing.

The greatest blood pressure would be predicted in a vertebrate with

Four chambered heart and pulmonary and systemic circuits in parallel

In the mammalian heart the deoxygenated blood returns via the vena cave to the

Right atrium

The pacemaker of the mammalian heart is the

SA node

The QRS complex in electrocardiogram represents

Ventricular depolarization

Which of the following is not found in a capillary

Smooth muscle

The primary driving force for the reuptake of intestinal fluid back to a capillary is

Colloidal osmotic pressure

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is

Converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells

The Bohr shift on the oxygen/hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

Countercurrent exchange in the fish Gill helps to maximize

Diffusion

Relative to ficks law, the advantages of having an arterial branch in to a web of parallel conducting tubes is

A and B

In which heart chambers, bird, would you expect to measure the lowest blood pressure

A and B

Which of the following is a most efficient for extracting oxygen from the environment

Countercurrent exchange and gills

The respiratory exchange surface and a bird is the

Parabronchii (lungs)

Graded potentials commonly occur in the

A and B

Which of the following ion channels does not play a role in graded potentials

Voltage gated Na+

The resistance of the cell plasma membrane can be varied by

Opening cation and/or anion channels

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by

The presynaptic membrane

Action potentials are normally carried in only one direction, from the axon hillock toward the axon terminals. If you experimentally depolarized the middle the acts onto thresholds, using an electric probe, then

The action potential's will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going towards the axon hillock

Neurotransmitters affect postsynaptic cells by

All of these options are correct

Assume that a single IPSP has a negative magnitude of

-72 MV

When several IPSP's arrive at the axon hillock rapidly in sequence from a single dendrite location, hyper polarizing the postsynaptic cell more and more and thus preventing the action potential, this is an example of

Temporal summation

The following steps refer to the various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse

3, 2, 5, 1, 4

In the sequence of permeability changes for complete action potential, the first of these events that occurs is

The opening of voltage gated sodium channels

The coordination of groups of skeletal muscles is driven by the activity in the

Cerebellum

Which of the following structures are correctly paired

Hindbrain and cerebellum

Which of the following shows a brain structure correctly paired with one of its primary functions

Frontal lobe, decision-making

Food and water appetites are under the regulatory influence of the

Hypothalamus

Forming new long-term memories is strikingly disrupted after damage to the

Hippocampus

A toxin that bind specifically defaulted skated sodium channels and axons would be expected to

Prevent the depolymerization phase of the action potential

A resting motor neuron is expected to

Exhibit a resting potential that is more negative than the threshold potential

Functionally which cellular location in the neurons decision-making site as to whether or not an action potential be initiated

Axon hillocks

Tracheole

Found in insects, and have spicules. Dead end and open up, used for respiration to bring oxygen to cells that don't have direct contact with outside surface

P-wave

Found on ECG. This is the atrial depolarization, also the first wave in the heartbeat. Makes lub sound at P-wave

Cardiac conduction system

System that coordinates heart contraction. SA node to the AV node to the bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers

Occipital lobe

Lobe of the cerebrum that deals with visual integration

Reticular formation

Part of the brain that deals with wakefulness when stimulated and sleep cycles.