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General Biology II > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Both diploma idea and parabasala have modified ________ that either produce ATP directly without oxygen or only participate in enzymatic energy production.

A

Mitochondria

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2
Q

Both the diplomonida and parabasalida have modified ________ that either produce ATP directly without oxygen or only participate in enzyme energy production

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

African sleeping sickness is caused by an infection of a species of

A

Trypanosome

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4
Q

Many Euglena can live in a wide variety of habitats since they can be __________ and are capable of multiple forms of energy acquisition

A

mixotrophs

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5
Q

Hazardous algal blooms (“red tides”) are caused by

A

Certain dinoflagellates

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6
Q

The _____________ comprising major function of phytoplankton found in the oceans and freshwater bodies. Their tests are composed of calcium carbonate in their fossilized remains formed the Dover cliffs of England.

A

Foraminifera

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7
Q

Which of the following propel themselves through their environment with cilia?

A

All of these

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8
Q

This class includes organisms that are absorptive and form a multinucleate syncytium characterized by branching filaments in stock to reproductive structures

A

Plasmodial slimes

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9
Q

Kelp forests are large populations of

A

Brown algae

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10
Q

Land plants are most closely related to

A

Chlorophyta

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11
Q

Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics are mismatched?

A

ciliates-red tide organisms

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12
Q

Based on the tree, which statement is not correct?

A

Salamanders are is closely related to goats as to humans

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13
Q

In a comparison of birds and mammals, having forelimbs is ____________

A

A shared ancestral characteristic

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14
Q

A ___________ group includes the ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants.

A

paraphyletic

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15
Q

The most inclusive taxonomic grouping is the _________.

A

Domain

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16
Q

Consider the binomial naming system of the organism Bacillus subtitles. The term subtitles represents the __________.

A

Species

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17
Q

Consider the father of paleontology, the scientists work influence thinking about whether life on earth was evolving or not

A

Cuvier

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18
Q

Competition for limited resources as a check on population growth was an important contribution by __________ two Darwin’s theory of natural selection.

A

Malthus

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19
Q

Evidence for establishing relatedness among organisms includes which of the following?

A

All of these

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20
Q

An example of natural selection would be

A

Overuse of antibiotics

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21
Q

Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequence homology?

A

Dogs and wolves shared a common ancestor very recently

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22
Q

Which of the following are characteristic of simple multi-cellularity

A

All of these

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23
Q

Which of the following intracellular protein structures can be used for intracellular adhesion and communication

A

Gap junctions

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24
Q

According to fix law, an increase which of the following variables would predict a decrease in flux rate?

A

Path length

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25
Q

The size of a spherical cell is determined by

A

Surface area/volume ratio

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26
Q

Produced on development is characterized by

A

The blast a poor becoming the mouth

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27
Q

Which of the following groups would you expect to have a trochophore larvae?

A

Mollusks

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28
Q

Increase cellular specialization would be expected in

A

A triploblastic organism

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29
Q

Nematocysts are characteristic of which group?

A

Cnidaria

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30
Q

Water enters sponges through ________

A

porocytes

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31
Q

A gastrovascular cavity serves which function in organisms?

A

Both A and B

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32
Q

The theory of _________ proposes the origin of mitochondria occurred as the result of a primitive glycolytic eukaryotic cell engulfing and anaerobic proteobacterium

A

endosymbiosis

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33
Q

Radiolarians possess test (shells) made of _______

A

silica

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34
Q

________ structures are remnants of features that served function in an organism’s ancestors

A

Vestigial

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35
Q

A eucoelom is completely surrounded by ________ tissue.

A

mesodermic

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36
Q

______ _______ is a means by which molecules move through organisms at rates beyond those possible by diffusion alone across a concentration gradient.

A

Bulk flow

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37
Q

Cephalization

A

The concentration of sensory organs of an organism at one end of the body, creating a kind of head. This end always leads into it the environment, bilateral.

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38
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Being symmetrical in half like humans are squirrels. In only one plane

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39
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

A subgroup of bilateria that contains many species with throcophore or lophophore larvae

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40
Q

Filter feeder

A

filter feeders use cilia to create currents to bring food into their mouths then their gastrovascular cavity

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41
Q

Colloblast

A

Cells found in Ctenophora their sticky tendrils used to catch prey

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42
Q

The _________ region of the tapeworm produces new proglottids

A

Neck

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43
Q

The term schistosomiasis refers to infection by which type of parasite?

A

Fluke

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44
Q

Which of the following lacks a coelom?

A

Platyhelminthes

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45
Q

The most efficient digestive system would be found in

A

In insect

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46
Q

The distribution of oxygen in an echinoderm is achieved by

A

Using a hemocoel

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47
Q

Oligichates do not have any specialized respiratory organs because?

A

Their vermiform body exposes a large thin service to the external environment

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48
Q

The hemocoel is located within the ______ of a mollusk

A

Visceral mass

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49
Q

The medicinal leech is an example of a

A

Annelid

50
Q

The anthropods possesses which of the following organ systems?

A

All of these

51
Q

The phenomenon of portion, a 120° relocation of the anus relative to the mouth, is found only in the _____________.

A

Gastropoda

52
Q

The arthropod emerges as a miniature version of the adult form. After each molt, the arthropod increases in size, yet does not change its body morphology. This is an example of

A

Incomplete metamorphosis

53
Q

If the teacher wanted to show the students what a lophophore is and how it works, the teacher would point out a feeding

A

ectoproct

54
Q

In a tidepool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that contains much calcium carbonate, in open circulatory system, and gills. The organism could potentially be a crab, shrimp, a particle, or bivalve. The presence of which of the following structures would allow for the most certain identification of the organism?

A

A mantle

55
Q

Development of an unfertilized egg can allow females of the population to reproduce asexually. This phenomenon is termed

A

Parthenogenesis

56
Q

In bivalves, food capturing gas exchange occurs along the surface of the

A

Ctenidia

57
Q

The terminal segment of the water vascular system in echinoderms is the

A

Ampulla/tube foot

58
Q

A chordate with an exoskeletal case around its brain and cephalic sensory organ is termed a

A

Craniate

59
Q

The most advanced brain structures are observed in the

A

Octopus

60
Q

The ________ describes the process of the erection of a fertilization membrane

A

Ca2+ induced cortical reaction

61
Q

The morula look consists of ______ cells.

A

32

62
Q

The blastocoel is formed during

A

Blastulation

63
Q

All three germ layers are first present by this stage

A

Gastrula

64
Q

The dorsal lip of the blastopore contributes to

A

Mesoderm formation

65
Q

Which of the following correctly displays a sequence of developmental milestones?

A

Cleavage, morula, blastula and gastrula

66
Q

The agnatha diverged involved jobs to produce the gnathostomata. which is the putative origin of the jaw?

A

Repurposed pharyngeal arches

67
Q

Which of the following is truly unique to birds?

A

Feathers

68
Q

The osteichthyes differ from the chondrichthyes in that

A

The osteichythes possesses a lateral line system

69
Q

In the human embryo, the inner cell mass contributes to

A

The trilaminar embryo

70
Q

Which of the following epithelial tissues would expect to be covering a gill surface?

A

Simple squamous

71
Q

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue

A

All of these

72
Q

Shivering thermogenesis is an example of

A

Negative feedback

73
Q

The wind chill factor reported with temperature is an example of

A

Convection

74
Q

Which of the following provides insulation for animals because of its ability to reduce heat transfer due to the formation of convection loops?

A

Fur

75
Q

The thin horizontal arrow in the figure above shows that

A

The warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood

76
Q

Examine the figure above. Near the big duces abdomen, the countercurrent arrangement of the arterial and venous blood vessels causes

A

The temperature difference between the contents of the two sets of vessels to be minimized

77
Q

Radula

A

Ribbonlike structure used for feeding, capable of scraping or piercing prey, found in snails.

78
Q

Visceral mass

A

Found in all mollusks, this is the inner area where the guts are found

79
Q

Tissue

A

Made up of similar cell types brought together with a common function to make up organs

80
Q

Endothermy

A

Temperature regulators, keep their temperature within a narrow range of values. Metabolic rate measured as BMR. Uses metabolic heat

81
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

Found in endotherms, this is the measure of the minimum energy needed to survive in calories or kilocalories. This can be measured by calorimetry or oxygen consumption.

82
Q

Low blood pressure, and high proportion of body mass devoted to blood volume, inability to efficiently redirect blood flow. All this describes

A

An open circulatory system

83
Q

Spiracles can be open or closed in the insect tracheal system. This purpose of this is primarily

A

To minimize water loss to the environment

84
Q

The most important variable for regulating blood pressure and arteries is

A

Vessel diameter

85
Q

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect its pH. This enables organism to sense a difference in gas levels as

A

The Medusa obligor, which is in contact with cerebral spinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing.

86
Q

The greatest blood pressure would be predicted in a vertebrate with

A

Four chambered heart and pulmonary and systemic circuits in parallel

87
Q

In the mammalian heart the deoxygenated blood returns via the vena cave to the

A

Right atrium

88
Q

The pacemaker of the mammalian heart is the

A

SA node

89
Q

The QRS complex in electrocardiogram represents

A

Ventricular depolarization

90
Q

Which of the following is not found in a capillary

A

Smooth muscle

91
Q

The primary driving force for the reuptake of intestinal fluid back to a capillary is

A

Colloidal osmotic pressure

92
Q

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is

A

Converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells

93
Q

The Bohr shift on the oxygen/hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

A

PH

94
Q

Countercurrent exchange in the fish Gill helps to maximize

A

Diffusion

95
Q

Relative to ficks law, the advantages of having an arterial branch in to a web of parallel conducting tubes is

A

A and B

96
Q

In which heart chambers, bird, would you expect to measure the lowest blood pressure

A

A and B

97
Q

Which of the following is a most efficient for extracting oxygen from the environment

A

Countercurrent exchange and gills

98
Q

The respiratory exchange surface and a bird is the

A

Parabronchii (lungs)

99
Q

Graded potentials commonly occur in the

A

A and B

100
Q

Which of the following ion channels does not play a role in graded potentials

A

Voltage gated Na+

101
Q

The resistance of the cell plasma membrane can be varied by

A

Opening cation and/or anion channels

102
Q

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by

A

The presynaptic membrane

103
Q

Action potentials are normally carried in only one direction, from the axon hillock toward the axon terminals. If you experimentally depolarized the middle the acts onto thresholds, using an electric probe, then

A

The action potential’s will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going towards the axon hillock

104
Q

Neurotransmitters affect postsynaptic cells by

A

All of these options are correct

105
Q

Assume that a single IPSP has a negative magnitude of

A

-72 MV

106
Q

When several IPSP’s arrive at the axon hillock rapidly in sequence from a single dendrite location, hyper polarizing the postsynaptic cell more and more and thus preventing the action potential, this is an example of

A

Temporal summation

107
Q

The following steps refer to the various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse

A

3, 2, 5, 1, 4

108
Q

In the sequence of permeability changes for complete action potential, the first of these events that occurs is

A

The opening of voltage gated sodium channels

109
Q

The coordination of groups of skeletal muscles is driven by the activity in the

A

Cerebellum

110
Q

Which of the following structures are correctly paired

A

Hindbrain and cerebellum

111
Q

Which of the following shows a brain structure correctly paired with one of its primary functions

A

Frontal lobe, decision-making

112
Q

Food and water appetites are under the regulatory influence of the

A

Hypothalamus

113
Q

Forming new long-term memories is strikingly disrupted after damage to the

A

Hippocampus

114
Q

A toxin that bind specifically defaulted skated sodium channels and axons would be expected to

A

Prevent the depolymerization phase of the action potential

115
Q

A resting motor neuron is expected to

A

Exhibit a resting potential that is more negative than the threshold potential

116
Q

Functionally which cellular location in the neurons decision-making site as to whether or not an action potential be initiated

A

Axon hillocks

117
Q

Tracheole

A

Found in insects, and have spicules. Dead end and open up, used for respiration to bring oxygen to cells that don’t have direct contact with outside surface

118
Q

P-wave

A

Found on ECG. This is the atrial depolarization, also the first wave in the heartbeat. Makes lub sound at P-wave

119
Q

Cardiac conduction system

A

System that coordinates heart contraction. SA node to the AV node to the bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers

120
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Lobe of the cerebrum that deals with visual integration

121
Q

Reticular formation

A

Part of the brain that deals with wakefulness when stimulated and sleep cycles.

General Biology II (10 decks)

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