Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Biology II > Final New Material > Flashcards

Final New Material Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Green algae lineage

A

-charophytes
-plants
-1-4
terrestrial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Plants 4 types

A
  1. non-vascular
  2. vascular
  3. seed, naked
  4. seed, covered
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Non-vascular

A

-seedless
-mosses (spores)
~24,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vascular

A

-seedless
-ferns (spores)
~13,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Seed, naked

A

-embryophyta
-gymnosperms
~800

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Seed, covered

A

-embryophyta
-flower
-angiosperms
~250,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Spore reproduction requirements

A
  • H2O for fertilization
    1. protect and nourish multicellular embryo within body of female plants
    2. form vascular tissue to distribute nutrients
    3. seeds
    4. flowers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Plant anatomy functions

A
  • shoot

- root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Shoot function

A
  • photosynthesis

- gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Root function

A
  • anchor
  • water
  • minerals
  • other macronurtients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 organs

A
  • roots
  • stems
  • leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Root organ

A
  • anchor
  • H2O
  • minerals/nutrients
  • support
  • 3 types
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 root types

A
  • tap roots
  • root hairs
  • fiberous roots
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stem organ

A
  • structural

- water/sap transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Leaf organ

A

-photosynthetic = sunlight + H2O + CO2 -> sugar = ATP + NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3 organ systems

A
  • branches
  • flowers
  • buds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Buds

A
  • axillary

- apical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Axillary buds

A
  • regenerative

- adaptation to being eaten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Apical buds

A

-go up vertically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Simple leaves

A

-single surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Compound leaves

A
  • finger-like leaflets

- all one leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Double compound leaves

A
  • multiple compound leafs

- all one leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Leaf type adaptation

A

-adapted to wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Plant tissues

A
  1. Dermal
  2. Ground Tissue
  3. Vascular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dermal tissue

A
  • covering
  • epidermis
  • cuticle
  • periderm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cuticle

A

-waxy secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Periderm

A

-replaces epidermis in woody plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ground tissue

A
  • not dermal
  • not vascular
  • metabolic
  • support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Vascular tissue

A
  • xylem = water

- phloem = sap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Epidermal cells

A
  • covering
  • support cuticle
  • guard cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Guard cells

A
  • comprise the plant stomata

- keep H2O in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ground tissue cell types

A
  1. Parenchyma
  2. Collenchyma
  3. Sclerenchyma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Parenchyma cells

A
  • vast majority of metabolism
  • thin cell walls
  • most numerous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Collenchyma cells

A
  • thicker cell walls
  • arranged in cylinders around periphery of stem
  • structural support in areas that have stopped growing
  • still flexible
  • young (green) shoots
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Sclerenchyma cells

A
  • thickest cell walls
  • reinforced with lignin
  • areas of plant needing the most support
  • sclerids
  • fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Sclerids

A
  • hardness of nutshells

- grittiness of pear fruits (mesocarp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Fibers

A
  • flax = linen

- hemp = rope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Vascular tissue cell types

A
  • xylem

- phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Xylem cells

A
  • dead at maturity
  • conduct water
  • trachiads
  • vessel elements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Phloem cells

A
  • living at maturity
  • conduct sap
  • sieve tube elements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Vessel Elements

A
  • larger diameter

- perforation plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Tracheids

A
  • thinner
  • more numerous
  • connections are called pits
  • allow uptake of H2O
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Sieve tube elements

A
  • live at maturity
  • companion cells
  • sieve plates
  • thin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Growth

A
  • primary

- secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Primary growth

A
  • vertical growth
  • meristematic tissue
  • apical meristems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Apical meristems

A
  • provide growth
  • stem
  • branch
  • root
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Monocot pith (core)

A
  • ground tissue
  • cortex- exterior to vascular bundle
  • pith- interior to vascular bundle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Secondary growth

A
  • lateral growth
  • increase diameter
  • “woody” growth
    1. vascular cambium
    2. cork cambium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Vascular cambium

A
  • secondary xylem

- secondary phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Wood

A

secondary xylem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Cork cambium

A

-cork cells -> suberin (wax) -> layers (outter dead)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Bark

A
  • secondary phloem
  • cork cells
  • suberin
  • outter layers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Leaf

A
  • photosynthesis

- open stoma in CO2, out O2 and H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Sugar movement

A

Up and down the phloem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Water movement

A

Up xylem from ground to air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Mycorrhizae

A
  • fungus associate with plant roots
  • become extensions of root hairs
  • help bring H2O and phosphate to plant
  • plant gives it food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Active transport

A
  • primary transport

- secondary transport

58
Q

Other transport

A
  • facilitative K channel

- aquaporins

59
Q

Primary transport

A
  • proton pump

- uniporter

60
Q

Secondary transport

A
  • proton/nitrate

- symporter

61
Q

Apoplectic route

A
  • water gets drawn but doesn’t get into the cells, just the cell wall
  • gets in past the endodermis
62
Q

Symplastic route

A

-goes through cells and plasmodesmata

63
Q

Casparian strip

A
  • impermiable to H2O
  • filters H2O
  • allows some minerals
  • goes up into xylem vessels
64
Q

Root pressure

A
  • salt in xylem pushes H2O up the plant

- preloads xylem

65
Q

Guttation

A
  • not dew
  • H2O on leaves as function of root pressure
  • puddles of H2O appear at stomata
  • works for small plants
66
Q

Transportation

A
  • “pull”
  • H2O flow from roots -> leaves -> air
  • higher H2O pressure in ground then air
  • cohesion/adhesion hypothesis
67
Q

Cohesion/adhesion hypothesis

A

-reduces pull of gravity because of wall adhesion

68
Q

Cohesion

A
  • H bond in H2O molecules

- surface tension

69
Q

Adhesion

A
  • bond with xylem wall

- H bonds

70
Q

Sucrose loading cell

A
  • all osmotic
  • sucrose makes its way to sieve tube elements
  • uses H pump to pump out and bring sugar back with it
71
Q

Source/sink

A
  • source: leaf

- sink: roots

72
Q

Pressure flow diagram

A
  1. loading sugar
  2. uptake H2O
  3. unloading sugar
  4. H2O reloaded
73
Q

Ecology

A
  • the study of interaction between organisms and their environment
  • distributions of organisms is limited by these interactions
  • abiotic factors dominate in shaping biones
74
Q

Biosphere

A
  • entire portion of the earth inhabited by life

- sum of all ecosystems on the planer

75
Q

Ecological experiments

A

-difficult to design because systems are hard to control

76
Q

Organismal ecology

A

-physiological, evolutionary and behavioral ecology: how structure, function and behavior meet challenges posed by an environment

77
Q

Population ecology

A

factors that affect a populations size/dynamics

78
Q

Population

A

-group of specific species in a particular geographic area

79
Q

Community ecology

A

-different species in a community and how they interact; competition, predication, diseases, ect

80
Q

Ecosystem ecology

A

-energy flow and chemical cycling between biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem

81
Q

Ecosystem

A

-all abiotic factors and species in the area

82
Q

Landscape ecology

A

arrangement of ecosystems in a geographic area

83
Q

Abiotic

A

nonliving, chemical and physical factors

84
Q

Biotic

A

living organisms

85
Q

Dispersal

A

movement of individuals away from centers of high population or their place of origin

86
Q

Range expansion

A
  • inhabit areas they previously didn’t

- toads in Australia

87
Q

Effects of range expansion

A

-reduces other species because of more competition

88
Q

Habitat selection

A
  • least understood in ecology
  • select to meet biotic and abiotic needs
  • some pick areas that aren’t sustainable
89
Q

Distribution

A

-can be limited by variety of biotic factors, primarily the presence of other species

90
Q

Niche

A

-job

91
Q

Habitat

A

-address

92
Q

Fundamental niche

A

-full extent of niche without competition

93
Q

Realized niche

A

-niche limited by competition

94
Q

Biotic limitation

A

-Chthalamus

95
Q

Abiotic limitation

A

-Balanus

96
Q

Biomes

A

specific types of ecological biotic associations that occupy broad terrestrial and aquatic geographical regions

97
Q

Aquatic geographical regions

A

-defined by dominant plant forms which are defined by abiotic factors

98
Q

Warm and wet

A

increased biodiversity

99
Q

Cold and dry

A

decreased biodiversity

100
Q

Solstice

A

longest days of night or day

101
Q

Equinox

A
  • sun directly over the equator

- day = night

102
Q

Most important abiotic factors

A
  • temperature

- water

103
Q

Hadley cells

A
  • air rotations in opposite directions
  • warmer air holds more H2O
  • deserts located around 30 degrees
  • lots of rain near equator
104
Q

Terrestrial temperatures near water

A

-temps near large body of water are generally cooler ad fluctuate less

105
Q

Rain shadow

A

-air rises as it moves after mountains and cools causing large decrease in rain

106
Q

Winter

A
  • O2 content distribution weird

- no water movement

107
Q

Spring

A
  • mixes water - nutrients and O2

- mixed and dispersed

108
Q

Summer

A
  • H2O on top = hot
  • thermocline
  • cool water at bottom
  • no O2
  • no mixing
109
Q

Autumn

A
  • water cools

- mixing of O2 and nutrients

110
Q

Zonation in large, deep aquatic biomes

A
  • energy
  • photic zones
  • hydrothermal vents
111
Q

Energy in aquatic biomes

A

-based on arability of sunlight

112
Q

Photic zone

A
  • plants grow here

- sunlight penetrates

113
Q

Hydrothermal vents

A
  • hot water in deep sea
  • can facilitate life
  • chemosynthesis
  • may have been the beginning of life on earth
114
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

-living off energy of earth

115
Q

Population ecology

A
  • study of population and how to relate to and are regulated by the environment
  • can have specific boundaries and size @ any point in time
116
Q

Population boundaries

A
  • can be difficult to define

- 1st task in studies

117
Q

Density factors

A
  • birthrate
  • death
  • immigration
  • emigration
118
Q

Immigration

A
  • new individuals

- genetic diversity

119
Q

Emigration

A

-individuals leaving

120
Q

3 types of distribution

A
  1. clumped
  2. uniform
  3. random
121
Q

Clumped distribution

A

-aggregate in patches around resources

122
Q

Uniform distribution

A
  • equally spaced
  • 2nd most common
  • territoriality
123
Q

Random distribution

A
  • least common
  • plants dispersed by wind
  • strong attraction or repulsion
124
Q

Demography

A
  • population statistics such as;
  • birth rates
  • death rates
  • how these statistics change over time
125
Q

Life tables

A
  • age specific survivorship patterns
  • best way is to follow cohort;
  • same age
  • from birth to death
126
Q

Statistic life table

A
  • data from cross section of population @ any given point in time
  • census
  • not as good, lose how environmental vacation effects the life
127
Q

Survivorship curve

A
  • visually illustrates life tables
  • plot # alive vs time
  • 3 basic types
  • not great, r changes but graph can’t show it
  • good for short periods of time
  • only works until environment place restriction
128
Q

Exponential growth model

A

-based on per capita or intrinsic rate of increase

129
Q

Per capita

A

birth rate - mortality rate

  • greater then zero, population rises
  • less then zero, population decreases
130
Q

Density

A

number of individuals per unit area

131
Q

Survivorship curve 1

A

Humans

132
Q

Survivorship curve 2

A

Squirrel

133
Q

Survivorship curve 3

A

Clam

134
Q

K-selection

A
  • density dependent

- population life history traits are sensitive to population density

135
Q

r-selection

A
  • density independent

- selection emphasizes traits that maximize reproduction in uncrowded environment

136
Q

r-selected 3

A
  • unstable environments
  • lower energy to make individual
  • small size
  • many offspring
  • early maturity
  • short life
  • reproduce once
  • type 3
137
Q

K-selected 1, 2

A
  • stable environments
  • high energy to make individual
  • large size
  • few offspring
  • late maturity
  • long life
  • reproduce more then once
  • types 1 and 2
138
Q

Competition for resources

A
  • key density dependent factor

- only occurs when resources are limited in organisms with overlapping niches

139
Q

Predation

A
  • also a key density dependent factor
  • rates increase when # of prey increase
  • stable population cycles
140
Q

World population

A

slowing down but still growing

General Biology II (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions