Final New Material Flashcards
1
Q
Green algae lineage
A
-charophytes
-plants
-1-4
terrestrial
2
Q
Plants 4 types
A
- non-vascular
- vascular
- seed, naked
- seed, covered
3
Q
Non-vascular
A
-seedless
-mosses (spores)
~24,000
4
Q
Vascular
A
-seedless
-ferns (spores)
~13,000
5
Q
Seed, naked
A
-embryophyta
-gymnosperms
~800
6
Q
Seed, covered
A
-embryophyta
-flower
-angiosperms
~250,000
7
Q
Spore reproduction requirements
A
- H2O for fertilization
1. protect and nourish multicellular embryo within body of female plants
2. form vascular tissue to distribute nutrients
3. seeds
4. flowers
8
Q
Plant anatomy functions
A
- shoot
- root
9
Q
Shoot function
A
- photosynthesis
- gas exchange
10
Q
Root function
A
- anchor
- water
- minerals
- other macronurtients
11
Q
3 organs
A
- roots
- stems
- leaves
12
Q
Root organ
A
- anchor
- H2O
- minerals/nutrients
- support
- 3 types
13
Q
3 root types
A
- tap roots
- root hairs
- fiberous roots
14
Q
Stem organ
A
- structural
- water/sap transport
15
Q
Leaf organ
A
-photosynthetic = sunlight + H2O + CO2 -> sugar = ATP + NADPH
16
Q
3 organ systems
A
- branches
- flowers
- buds
17
Q
Buds
A
- axillary
- apical
18
Q
Axillary buds
A
- regenerative
- adaptation to being eaten
19
Q
Apical buds
A
-go up vertically
20
Q
Simple leaves
A
-single surface
21
Q
Compound leaves
A
- finger-like leaflets
- all one leaf
22
Q
Double compound leaves
A
- multiple compound leafs
- all one leaf
23
Q
Leaf type adaptation
A
-adapted to wind
24
Q
Plant tissues
A
- Dermal
- Ground Tissue
- Vascular
25
Dermal tissue
- covering
- epidermis
- cuticle
- periderm
26
Cuticle
-waxy secretion
27
Periderm
-replaces epidermis in woody plants
28
Ground tissue
- not dermal
- not vascular
- metabolic
- support
29
Vascular tissue
- xylem = water
| - phloem = sap
30
Epidermal cells
- covering
- support cuticle
- guard cells
31
Guard cells
- comprise the plant stomata
| - keep H2O in
32
Ground tissue cell types
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma
33
Parenchyma cells
- vast majority of metabolism
- thin cell walls
- most numerous
34
Collenchyma cells
- thicker cell walls
- arranged in cylinders around periphery of stem
- structural support in areas that have stopped growing
- still flexible
- young (green) shoots
35
Sclerenchyma cells
- thickest cell walls
- reinforced with lignin
- areas of plant needing the most support
- sclerids
- fibers
36
Sclerids
- hardness of nutshells
| - grittiness of pear fruits (mesocarp)
37
Fibers
- flax = linen
| - hemp = rope
38
Vascular tissue cell types
- xylem
| - phloem
39
Xylem cells
- dead at maturity
- conduct water
- trachiads
- vessel elements
40
Phloem cells
- living at maturity
- conduct sap
- sieve tube elements
41
Vessel Elements
- larger diameter
| - perforation plate
42
Tracheids
- thinner
- more numerous
- connections are called pits
- allow uptake of H2O
43
Sieve tube elements
- live at maturity
- companion cells
- sieve plates
- thin
44
Growth
- primary
| - secondary
45
Primary growth
- vertical growth
- meristematic tissue
- apical meristems
46
Apical meristems
- provide growth
- stem
- branch
- root
47
Monocot pith (core)
- ground tissue
- cortex- exterior to vascular bundle
- pith- interior to vascular bundle
48
Secondary growth
- lateral growth
- increase diameter
- "woody" growth
1. vascular cambium
2. cork cambium
49
Vascular cambium
- secondary xylem
| - secondary phloem
50
Wood
secondary xylem
51
Cork cambium
-cork cells -> suberin (wax) -> layers (outter dead)
52
Bark
- secondary phloem
- cork cells
- suberin
- outter layers
53
Leaf
- photosynthesis
| - open stoma in CO2, out O2 and H2O
54
Sugar movement
Up and down the phloem
55
Water movement
Up xylem from ground to air
56
Mycorrhizae
- fungus associate with plant roots
- become extensions of root hairs
- help bring H2O and phosphate to plant
- plant gives it food
57
Active transport
- primary transport
| - secondary transport
58
Other transport
- facilitative K channel
| - aquaporins
59
Primary transport
- proton pump
| - uniporter
60
Secondary transport
- proton/nitrate
| - symporter
61
Apoplectic route
- water gets drawn but doesn't get into the cells, just the cell wall
- gets in past the endodermis
62
Symplastic route
-goes through cells and plasmodesmata
63
Casparian strip
- impermiable to H2O
- filters H2O
- allows some minerals
- goes up into xylem vessels
64
Root pressure
- salt in xylem pushes H2O up the plant
| - preloads xylem
65
Guttation
- not dew
- H2O on leaves as function of root pressure
- puddles of H2O appear at stomata
- works for small plants
66
Transportation
- "pull"
- H2O flow from roots -> leaves -> air
- higher H2O pressure in ground then air
- cohesion/adhesion hypothesis
67
Cohesion/adhesion hypothesis
-reduces pull of gravity because of wall adhesion
68
Cohesion
- H bond in H2O molecules
| - surface tension
69
Adhesion
- bond with xylem wall
| - H bonds
70
Sucrose loading cell
- all osmotic
- sucrose makes its way to sieve tube elements
- uses H pump to pump out and bring sugar back with it
71
Source/sink
- source: leaf
| - sink: roots
72
Pressure flow diagram
1. loading sugar
2. uptake H2O
3. unloading sugar
4. H2O reloaded
73
Ecology
- the study of interaction between organisms and their environment
- distributions of organisms is limited by these interactions
- abiotic factors dominate in shaping biones
74
Biosphere
- entire portion of the earth inhabited by life
| - sum of all ecosystems on the planer
75
Ecological experiments
-difficult to design because systems are hard to control
76
Organismal ecology
-physiological, evolutionary and behavioral ecology: how structure, function and behavior meet challenges posed by an environment
77
Population ecology
factors that affect a populations size/dynamics
78
Population
-group of specific species in a particular geographic area
79
Community ecology
-different species in a community and how they interact; competition, predication, diseases, ect
80
Ecosystem ecology
-energy flow and chemical cycling between biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem
81
Ecosystem
-all abiotic factors and species in the area
82
Landscape ecology
arrangement of ecosystems in a geographic area
83
Abiotic
nonliving, chemical and physical factors
84
Biotic
living organisms
85
Dispersal
movement of individuals away from centers of high population or their place of origin
86
Range expansion
- inhabit areas they previously didn't
| - toads in Australia
87
Effects of range expansion
-reduces other species because of more competition
88
Habitat selection
- least understood in ecology
- select to meet biotic and abiotic needs
- some pick areas that aren't sustainable
89
Distribution
-can be limited by variety of biotic factors, primarily the presence of other species
90
Niche
-job
91
Habitat
-address
92
Fundamental niche
-full extent of niche without competition
93
Realized niche
-niche limited by competition
94
Biotic limitation
-Chthalamus
95
Abiotic limitation
-Balanus
96
Biomes
specific types of ecological biotic associations that occupy broad terrestrial and aquatic geographical regions
97
Aquatic geographical regions
-defined by dominant plant forms which are defined by abiotic factors
98
Warm and wet
increased biodiversity
99
Cold and dry
decreased biodiversity
100
Solstice
longest days of night or day
101
Equinox
- sun directly over the equator
| - day = night
102
Most important abiotic factors
- temperature
| - water
103
Hadley cells
- air rotations in opposite directions
- warmer air holds more H2O
- deserts located around 30 degrees
- lots of rain near equator
104
Terrestrial temperatures near water
-temps near large body of water are generally cooler ad fluctuate less
105
Rain shadow
-air rises as it moves after mountains and cools causing large decrease in rain
106
Winter
- O2 content distribution weird
| - no water movement
107
Spring
- mixes water - nutrients and O2
| - mixed and dispersed
108
Summer
- H2O on top = hot
- thermocline
- cool water at bottom
- no O2
- no mixing
109
Autumn
- water cools
| - mixing of O2 and nutrients
110
Zonation in large, deep aquatic biomes
- energy
- photic zones
- hydrothermal vents
111
Energy in aquatic biomes
-based on arability of sunlight
112
Photic zone
- plants grow here
| - sunlight penetrates
113
Hydrothermal vents
- hot water in deep sea
- can facilitate life
- chemosynthesis
- may have been the beginning of life on earth
114
Chemosynthesis
-living off energy of earth
115
Population ecology
- study of population and how to relate to and are regulated by the environment
- can have specific boundaries and size @ any point in time
116
Population boundaries
- can be difficult to define
| - 1st task in studies
117
Density factors
- birthrate
- death
- immigration
- emigration
118
Immigration
- new individuals
| - genetic diversity
119
Emigration
-individuals leaving
120
3 types of distribution
1. clumped
2. uniform
3. random
121
Clumped distribution
-aggregate in patches around resources
122
Uniform distribution
- equally spaced
- 2nd most common
- territoriality
123
Random distribution
- least common
- plants dispersed by wind
- strong attraction or repulsion
124
Demography
- population statistics such as;
- birth rates
- death rates
- how these statistics change over time
125
Life tables
- age specific survivorship patterns
- best way is to follow cohort;
- same age
- from birth to death
126
Statistic life table
- data from cross section of population @ any given point in time
- census
- not as good, lose how environmental vacation effects the life
127
Survivorship curve
- visually illustrates life tables
- plot # alive vs time
- 3 basic types
- not great, r changes but graph can't show it
- good for short periods of time
- only works until environment place restriction
128
Exponential growth model
-based on per capita or intrinsic rate of increase
129
Per capita
birth rate - mortality rate
- greater then zero, population rises
- less then zero, population decreases
130
Density
number of individuals per unit area
131
Survivorship curve 1
Humans
132
Survivorship curve 2
Squirrel
133
Survivorship curve 3
Clam
134
K-selection
- density dependent
| - population life history traits are sensitive to population density
135
r-selection
- density independent
| - selection emphasizes traits that maximize reproduction in uncrowded environment
136
r-selected 3
- unstable environments
- lower energy to make individual
- small size
- many offspring
- early maturity
- short life
- reproduce once
- type 3
137
K-selected 1, 2
- stable environments
- high energy to make individual
- large size
- few offspring
- late maturity
- long life
- reproduce more then once
- types 1 and 2
138
Competition for resources
- key density dependent factor
| - only occurs when resources are limited in organisms with overlapping niches
139
Predation
- also a key density dependent factor
- rates increase when # of prey increase
- stable population cycles
140
World population
slowing down but still growing
