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General Biology II > Chapter 42 > Flashcards

Chapter 42 Flashcards

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1
Q

Bulk Flow

A

Movement of a fluid containing gases and nutrients to tissues/cells that don not have direct access to the external environment

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2
Q

Closed Circulatory System Definition

A

blood never leaves the vessels

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3
Q

Open Circulatory System Definition

A

blood can leave the vessels then come back

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4
Q

Open Circulatory System Parts

A
  • low pressure
  • hemolymph = 20-40% of body volume
  • unable to sustain high metabolic rates
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5
Q

Closed Circulatory System Parts

A
  • blood volume = 5-10% of body volume
  • higher pressures possible
  • higher metabolic rates a supported
  • can control/regulate distribution of blood flow
  • more efficient
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6
Q

4 Chambered Human Heart

A

deoxygenated blood -> RA -> RV -> pulmonary trunk -> lungs -> LA -> LV -> aorta

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7
Q

Diastole

A

heart relaxation

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8
Q

Systole

A

heart contraction

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9
Q

Cardiac events

A
  1. atrial and ventricular diastole
  2. atrial systole and ventricular diastole
  3. ventricular systole and atrial diastole
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10
Q

Atrial and Ventricular diastole

A
  • about 0.4 seconds

- blood enters heart passively into the A and V

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11
Q

Atrial systole and Ventricular diastole

A
  • about 0.1 seconds

- atria fill the ventricles

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12
Q

Ventricular systole and Atrial diastole

A
  • about 0.3 seconds

- push blood out of ventricles into vessels

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13
Q

Cardiac contraction

A

the heart can contract by itself

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14
Q

Cardiac conduction order (depolarization)

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. Bundle branches
  4. Purkinje fibers
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15
Q

ECG

A

P wave, QRS complex and T wave

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16
Q

P wave

A
  • atrial depolarization

- lub

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17
Q

QRS complex

A
  • ventricular depolarization

- dub

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18
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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19
Q

Conduction slower

A
  • between P and QRS (AV node)

- Q downward portion (Bundle Branches)

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20
Q

Human Cardiac Cycle

A
  • averages 0.8 seconds

- about 72 bpm

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21
Q

Stroke volume

A

about 70mL per beat

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22
Q

Cardiac output

A
  • stroke volume x bpm

- about 5L/min

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23
Q

Single circulation

A

heart pumps out -> thru capillary beds -> heart

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24
Q

Double circulation

A
  • 2 circuits
  • 1 respiratory
  • 1 everywhere else
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25
Q

Fish heart

A
  • 2 chambered
  • 1 atrium
  • 1 ventricle
  • 1 circuit
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26
Q

Fish blood pressure

A

can never have high BP because it will blow their gills/pulmonary beds out

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27
Q

Capillary Beds

A

exchange sites

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28
Q

What promotes flow?

A

low resistance

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29
Q

Sources of resistance

A
  • viscosity
  • friction
  • arrangement of capillary beds
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30
Q

Friction

A
  • function of vessel diameter
  • increase radius = reduced resistance
  • flow rate
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31
Q

Arrangement of capillary beds

A
  • parallel

- series

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32
Q

Parallel beds

A

-lesser resistance

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33
Q

Series beds

A

-greater resistance

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34
Q

Flow Rate

A
  • function of friction
  • can change pressure or radius
  • radius has a bigger effect
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35
Q

Frog heart

A
  • 3 chambered
  • 2 atria
  • 1 ventricle
  • 2 circuits
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36
Q

Fish vs Frog resistance

A

-fish has 4 times higher resistance because it only has 1 circuit

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37
Q

Artery Structure

A
  • CT outter
  • SM middle
  • simple squamous epi
  • thick walls
  • elastic
38
Q

Artery Function

A
  • CT outter: keeps vessel intact
  • SM middle: regulate diameter, vasoconstriction, vasodilation
  • SS epi: facilitate laminar flow
  • thick walls: absorb + sustain pressure
39
Q

Vein Structure

A
  • CT outter
  • SM middle
  • simple squamous epi
  • thin walls
  • low pressure
40
Q

Vein Function

A
  • CT outter: keeps vessel intact
  • SM middle: wall support, little regulation, remain dilated
  • SS epi: smooth surface, one way valves
  • thin walls
  • low pressure
41
Q

Capillary Structure

A
  • CT (thin)
  • SS endothelium (fenestrated)
  • very thin wall
42
Q

Exchange via diffusion

A
  • increase SA
  • increase resistance
  • increase branching
  • decreased length
43
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

= blood pressure

44
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

function of dissolved solutes in H2O

45
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

remove excess fluids from all tissues, goes back into the blood stream

46
Q

Cardiovascular pressure

A

created by the heart

47
Q

Cardiovascular Flow

A

regulated by BV diameter (resistance)

48
Q

Cardiovascular exchange

A

done in capillaries

  • thin
  • high: SA, resistance
  • parallel circuits help increase SA and lower resistance
49
Q

Metabolic support

A

can be limited to endothermy or ectothermy

50
Q

Cellular respiration

A

O2 consumed to produce ATP and CO2

51
Q

High CO2 concentrations

A

lowers pH

52
Q

Respiratory system

A

anatomical solution to deliver O2 and remove CO2 to and from cells not in contact with the external environment

53
Q

4 main steps of O2 delivery

A

(CO2 is reversed)

  1. Ventilation
  2. Gas exchange
  3. Circulation
  4. Cellular respiration
54
Q
  1. Ventilation
A
  • convective

- movement of resp medium across resp organ

55
Q

Respiratory medium

A
  • air: low viscosity, high O2 solubility

- water: high viscosity, low O2 solubility

56
Q

Respiratory organ

A
  • lungs
  • gills
  • tracheoles (insects)
57
Q

Movement of the medium

A
  • maintains high P gradients

- cost

58
Q

Cost

A

energy associated with moving the medium

-viscosity

59
Q

Viscosity in fish

A

more energy to ventilate gills

60
Q

O2 vs CO2 solubility

A 
water= low O2, high CO2
air= high O2, low CO2
61
Q

Water temp solubility

A 
cold= high O2
hot= low O2
62
Q

Tracheoles

A

tubes in insects

63
Q

Respiratory membranes

A

-gills
-lungs
want to be as thin as possible, with large SA

64
Q
  1. Gas exchange
A

occurs @ interface of resp medium and blood or cells

-diffusion

65
Q

H2O loss to air

A

greater then to H2O

66
Q

Gill Structure

A

Evagination

67
Q

Lung Structure

A

Invagination

-reduces H2O loss to the environment

68
Q

Design for resp organs

A
  • thin

- large SA

69
Q

Starfish Exception

A

no bulk flow, only diffusion

70
Q

Insects

A

tracheoloes=room service

  • spiricles=opening in external surface
  • like ducts, dead end and open up
  • can have air sacs
  • mito are close to reduce travel distance
71
Q

Gills

A

countercurrent exchange=[ ] gradient

  • blood flow + water flow= opposite
  • diffusion along entire length of gill
  • H2O always have more O2 then blood
72
Q

Concurrent flow

A

doesn’t work because they are both going the same way and doesn’t pass nutrients evenly, curve. Counter current is a straight line ———

73
Q

Tidal ventilation

A
  • air pumped in and out
  • bidirectional (same pathway)
  • most air exchanged, not all
  • dead air space
  • inefficient
74
Q

Positive pressure

A

air into the buccal cavity

  • amphibians
  • pushed into lungs
75
Q

Negative pressure

A

air flows into low pressure

  • space of expanded lungs thru thoracic muscle action
  • reptiles and mammals
76
Q

Alligator and bird respiration

A
  • lungs
  • positive pressure
  • unidirectional air flow
  • crosscurrent exchange
77
Q

Cross current exchange

A

blood travels are angle to air flow

78
Q

Human respiration

A
  • alevoli

- hemoglobin

79
Q

Alveoli

A

one cell thick

80
Q

Blood in capillaries

A

O2 can be in:

  • plasma
  • resp pigments
81
Q

O2 in plasma

A

dissolves in H20, aqueous plasma

82
Q

O2 in resp pigments

A

Hb on erythrocyte

83
Q

Hemoglobin

A

(Hb)

  • 4 subunits
  • each binds 1 O2
  • sigmoidal curve, S shaped
  • cooperative binding
  • 2 forms
84
Q

Cooperative binding

A

easier to bind after the first one is bound

85
Q

Bohr effect

A

(pH effect)

-increase CO2 decreases pH the sigmoidal curve shifts right

86
Q

Hb @ low pH

A

retains low O2

87
Q

2 forms of Hb

A
  • fetal

- mother

88
Q

Fetal Hb

A

grabs O2 better then mother Hb

-resp membrane= placenta= blood from mom

89
Q

CO2 transport in blood

A
  • CO2 in cells goes into the blood then dissolved CO2 can bind to Hb 30%
  • bicarbonate 70%
90
Q

CO2 mechanism

A

enzyme= carbonic anhydrase

-CO2 +H2O -> carbonic acid -> bicarbonate

91
Q

Bicarbonate

A

HCO3-

  • most common
  • biological buffer in plasma

General Biology II (10 decks)

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