Chapter 42 Flashcards
1
Q
Bulk Flow
A
Movement of a fluid containing gases and nutrients to tissues/cells that don not have direct access to the external environment
2
Q
Closed Circulatory System Definition
A
blood never leaves the vessels
3
Q
Open Circulatory System Definition
A
blood can leave the vessels then come back
4
Q
Open Circulatory System Parts
A
- low pressure
- hemolymph = 20-40% of body volume
- unable to sustain high metabolic rates
5
Q
Closed Circulatory System Parts
A
- blood volume = 5-10% of body volume
- higher pressures possible
- higher metabolic rates a supported
- can control/regulate distribution of blood flow
- more efficient
6
Q
4 Chambered Human Heart
A
deoxygenated blood -> RA -> RV -> pulmonary trunk -> lungs -> LA -> LV -> aorta
7
Q
Diastole
A
heart relaxation
8
Q
Systole
A
heart contraction
9
Q
Cardiac events
A
- atrial and ventricular diastole
- atrial systole and ventricular diastole
- ventricular systole and atrial diastole
10
Q
Atrial and Ventricular diastole
A
- about 0.4 seconds
- blood enters heart passively into the A and V
11
Q
Atrial systole and Ventricular diastole
A
- about 0.1 seconds
- atria fill the ventricles
12
Q
Ventricular systole and Atrial diastole
A
- about 0.3 seconds
- push blood out of ventricles into vessels
13
Q
Cardiac contraction
A
the heart can contract by itself
14
Q
Cardiac conduction order (depolarization)
A
- SA node
- AV node
- Bundle branches
- Purkinje fibers
15
Q
ECG
A
P wave, QRS complex and T wave
16
Q
P wave
A
- atrial depolarization
- lub
17
Q
QRS complex
A
- ventricular depolarization
- dub
18
Q
T wave
A
ventricular repolarization
19
Q
Conduction slower
A
- between P and QRS (AV node)
- Q downward portion (Bundle Branches)
20
Q
Human Cardiac Cycle
A
- averages 0.8 seconds
- about 72 bpm
21
Q
Stroke volume
A
about 70mL per beat
22
Q
Cardiac output
A
- stroke volume x bpm
- about 5L/min
23
Q
Single circulation
A
heart pumps out -> thru capillary beds -> heart
24
Q
Double circulation
A
- 2 circuits
- 1 respiratory
- 1 everywhere else
25
Fish heart
- 2 chambered
- 1 atrium
- 1 ventricle
- 1 circuit
26
Fish blood pressure
can never have high BP because it will blow their gills/pulmonary beds out
27
Capillary Beds
exchange sites
28
What promotes flow?
low resistance
29
Sources of resistance
- viscosity
- friction
- arrangement of capillary beds
30
Friction
- function of vessel diameter
- increase radius = reduced resistance
- flow rate
31
Arrangement of capillary beds
- parallel
| - series
32
Parallel beds
-lesser resistance
33
Series beds
-greater resistance
34
Flow Rate
- function of friction
- can change pressure or radius
- radius has a bigger effect
35
Frog heart
- 3 chambered
- 2 atria
- 1 ventricle
- 2 circuits
36
Fish vs Frog resistance
-fish has 4 times higher resistance because it only has 1 circuit
37
Artery Structure
- CT outter
- SM middle
- simple squamous epi
- thick walls
- elastic
38
Artery Function
- CT outter: keeps vessel intact
- SM middle: regulate diameter, vasoconstriction, vasodilation
- SS epi: facilitate laminar flow
- thick walls: absorb + sustain pressure
39
Vein Structure
- CT outter
- SM middle
- simple squamous epi
- thin walls
- low pressure
40
Vein Function
- CT outter: keeps vessel intact
- SM middle: wall support, little regulation, remain dilated
- SS epi: smooth surface, one way valves
- thin walls
- low pressure
41
Capillary Structure
- CT (thin)
- SS endothelium (fenestrated)
- very thin wall
42
Exchange via diffusion
- increase SA
- increase resistance
- increase branching
- decreased length
43
Hydrostatic pressure
= blood pressure
44
Osmotic pressure
function of dissolved solutes in H2O
45
Lymphatic vessels
remove excess fluids from all tissues, goes back into the blood stream
46
Cardiovascular pressure
created by the heart
47
Cardiovascular Flow
regulated by BV diameter (resistance)
48
Cardiovascular exchange
done in capillaries
- thin
- high: SA, resistance
- parallel circuits help increase SA and lower resistance
49
Metabolic support
can be limited to endothermy or ectothermy
50
Cellular respiration
O2 consumed to produce ATP and CO2
51
High CO2 concentrations
lowers pH
52
Respiratory system
anatomical solution to deliver O2 and remove CO2 to and from cells not in contact with the external environment
53
4 main steps of O2 delivery
(CO2 is reversed)
1. Ventilation
2. Gas exchange
3. Circulation
4. Cellular respiration
54
1. Ventilation
- convective
| - movement of resp medium across resp organ
55
Respiratory medium
- air: low viscosity, high O2 solubility
| - water: high viscosity, low O2 solubility
56
Respiratory organ
- lungs
- gills
- tracheoles (insects)
57
Movement of the medium
- maintains high P gradients
| - cost
58
Cost
energy associated with moving the medium
| -viscosity
59
Viscosity in fish
more energy to ventilate gills
60
O2 vs CO2 solubility
```
water= low O2, high CO2
air= high O2, low CO2
```
61
Water temp solubility
```
cold= high O2
hot= low O2
```
62
Tracheoles
tubes in insects
63
Respiratory membranes
-gills
-lungs
want to be as thin as possible, with large SA
64
2. Gas exchange
occurs @ interface of resp medium and blood or cells
| -diffusion
65
H2O loss to air
greater then to H2O
66
Gill Structure
Evagination
67
Lung Structure
Invagination
| -reduces H2O loss to the environment
68
Design for resp organs
- thin
| - large SA
69
Starfish Exception
no bulk flow, only diffusion
70
Insects
tracheoloes=room service
- spiricles=opening in external surface
- like ducts, dead end and open up
- can have air sacs
- mito are close to reduce travel distance
71
Gills
countercurrent exchange=[ ] gradient
- blood flow + water flow= opposite
- diffusion along entire length of gill
- H2O always have more O2 then blood
72
Concurrent flow
doesn't work because they are both going the same way and doesn't pass nutrients evenly, curve. Counter current is a straight line ---------
73
Tidal ventilation
- air pumped in and out
- bidirectional (same pathway)
* most air exchanged, not all
- dead air space
- inefficient
74
Positive pressure
air into the buccal cavity
- amphibians
- pushed into lungs
75
Negative pressure
air flows into low pressure
- space of expanded lungs thru thoracic muscle action
- reptiles and mammals
76
Alligator and bird respiration
- lungs
- positive pressure
- unidirectional air flow
- crosscurrent exchange
77
Cross current exchange
blood travels are angle to air flow
78
Human respiration
- alevoli
| - hemoglobin
79
Alveoli
one cell thick
80
Blood in capillaries
O2 can be in:
- plasma
- resp pigments
81
O2 in plasma
dissolves in H20, aqueous plasma
82
O2 in resp pigments
Hb on erythrocyte
83
Hemoglobin
(Hb)
- 4 subunits
- each binds 1 O2
- sigmoidal curve, S shaped
- cooperative binding
- 2 forms
84
Cooperative binding
easier to bind after the first one is bound
85
Bohr effect
(pH effect)
| -increase CO2 decreases pH the sigmoidal curve shifts right
86
Hb @ low pH
retains low O2
87
2 forms of Hb
- fetal
| - mother
88
Fetal Hb
grabs O2 better then mother Hb
| -resp membrane= placenta= blood from mom
89
CO2 transport in blood
- CO2 in cells goes into the blood then dissolved CO2 can bind to Hb 30%
- bicarbonate 70%
90
CO2 mechanism
enzyme= carbonic anhydrase
| -CO2 +H2O -> carbonic acid -> bicarbonate
91
Bicarbonate
HCO3-
- most common
- biological buffer in plasma
