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General Biology II > Chapters 48 and 49 > Flashcards

Chapters 48 and 49 Flashcards

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1
Q

Flow of information

A

dendrite -> cell body -> axon

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2
Q

Dendrite

A

collects electrical signals

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3
Q

Cell Body

A

integrates signals and generates an outgoing signal

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4
Q

Axon

A

passes signals to dendrites of another cell/effector cell

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5
Q

Signals

A

action potentials (AP)

  • goes on in every neuron
  • once started, cant be stopped
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6
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

chemical and electrical driving forces = potential energy
-create a voltage across the membrane
Vm= -70 mV

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7
Q

Chemical driving force for K+

A

larger

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8
Q

Na+ gradient

A

Na+ wants to move more

-2 gradients, the bigger gradient wins

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9
Q

Voltage

A

= current x resistance

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10
Q

Depolarization event in neuron

A
  1. Na depolarizes
  2. Ca releases the NT
  3. K repolarizes
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11
Q

Na channels

A

depolarize

-detect the threshold

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12
Q

K channels

A

repolarize

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13
Q

Synapse

A
  • presynaptic membrane (neuron)
  • presynaptic cleft
  • postsynaptic membrane (effector cell)
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14
Q

Order of events

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Graded potential: stimulus to the axon hillock
  3. Action potential
  4. Release of NT @ terminus
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15
Q

Ion Channels

A

-ligand gated on soma
-voltage gated on axon
Na+ or K+ or Ca+ selective

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16
Q

Action potential events

A
  1. Vg Na open (Na enters)
    -depolarization
  2. Vg Na close
    Vg K open (K exits)
    -repolarization
  3. Vg K stay open
    -hyperpolarization
  4. Vg K close, Na and K leak out
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17
Q

Quanta

A

unit that NT are released in

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18
Q

All or nothing

A

AP’s

get the hillock to -55mV

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19
Q

Summation

A

sum of graded potentials to create an AP

  • spatial
  • temporal
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20
Q

Temporal summation

A

increased frequency, get further

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21
Q

Events at synapse

A
  • Excitatory

- Inhibitory

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22
Q

Excitatory

A

depolarize, open Na+ channel

23
Q

Inhibitory

A

hyper polarize, K or Cl channel

24
Q

Long Term Potentiation at synapse

A

(LTP)

  • AMPA receptor into membrane because of 2nd action potential
  • more than one axon in a circuit, represents some memory
25
Q

Forebrain

A

cerebrum
thalamus
hypothalamus

26
Q

Hindbrain

A

pons
medulla oblongata
cerebellum

27
Q

Pituitary gland

A

part neural and part glandular tissue

28
Q

Meningies

A

hold brain and CSF

  • fluid makes brain lighter
  • w/o CSF the brain would crush itself
29
Q

Gray matter

A

-neuron cell bodies
-short axon
-no myelin
CNS: nuclei
PNS: ganglia

30
Q

White matter

A

-bundles of axons
-myelination
CNS: tracts
PNS: nerves

31
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • about 80% of the brain

- 3 layers

32
Q

3 Layers of the Cerebrum

A
  1. outter grey
  2. middle white
  3. deep nuclei (grey)
33
Q

Outer grey

A

sea of consciousness

34
Q

Middle white

A

tracts

35
Q

Deep nuclei

A

basal nuclei

  • motor control
  • consciousness
36
Q

Gyri and sulci

A

ridges and valleys

-correlates to intelligence

37
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • epithalamus
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • pit gland
38
Q

Epithalamus

A

pineal gland= melatonin

39
Q

Thalamus

A
  • junction box

- connect cerebrum to lower brain and spinal cord

40
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • autonomic control center
  • thirst, body temp, endocrine, behavioral, anger, sex drive
  • limbic system
41
Q

Limbic system

A

stress mediated thru hypothalamus

-anger, sex drive

42
Q

Pituitary gland

A

endocrine control

43
Q

Midbrain

A

tracts connect to cerebellum

-cranial nerves

44
Q

Pons

A

tracts:

  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • cardiovascular center
  • respiratory center
45
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • decussation
  • heart rate
  • ventilation
  • reflexes: cough, sneeze, emesis, hiccups
46
Q

Decussation

A

90% of the spinal tracts switch to the other side of the body

47
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordination of motor control of skeletal muscle

48
Q

Reticular formation

A

sleeping and waking

49
Q

Lobes of the cerebrum

A
  1. insula
  2. frontal
  3. temporal
  4. parietal
  5. occipital
50
Q

Insula

A

equilibrium

51
Q

Frontal

A
  • decision making

- skeletal muscles

52
Q

Temporal

A
  • hearing

- comprehending language

53
Q

Parietal

A

sensory

54
Q

Occipital

A

visual

General Biology II (10 decks)

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