Chapter 40

Question 1

Hierarchy of organization

Answer 1

• organelles
• cells
• tissues
• organs
• organ systems
• organism

Question 2

11 organ systems

Answer 2

• circulatory
• respiratory
• reproductive
• digestive
• endocrine
• muscular
• nervous
• excretory
• immune
• skeletal
• integumentary

Question 3

4 tissue types

Answer 3

• epithelial
• nervous
• connective
• muscular

Question 4

Epithelial tissue

Answer 4

• cover surfaces
• 3 shapes
• 3 layers
• example, skin

Question 5

Connective tissue

Answer 5

• cells suspended in a secreted matrix
• hold organs together
• example, blood, bone, adipose

Question 6

Muscular tissue

Answer 6

• contractile, produces force
• 3 types
• example, heart

Question 7

Nervous tissue

Answer 7

• neurons, generate AP, computational

- neuroglia, metabolic and structural support

Question 8

Communication

Answer 8

• signaling by hormones

- signaling by neurons

Question 9

Signaling by hormones

Answer 9

• endocrine system

- send global signal

Question 10

Signaling by neurons

Answer 10

• cabled
• must have connection
• specific

Question 11

Homeostasis

Answer 11

• any process that living things used to maintain fairly stable internal conditions necessary for survival

Question 12

Thermodynamic perspective to homeostasis

Answer 12

• work performed to prevent equilibrium

Question 13

Alterations in homeostasis

Answer 13

• purposeful changes in set points

- zero can change

Question 14

Homeostasis cycle

Answer 14

• stimulus produces change in variable
• change detected by receptor
• input sent along afferent pathway to control center
• information sent along efferent pathway to effector
• response feeds back

Question 15

Feedback loop

Answer 15

Mechanism used to promote homeostasis

Question 16

Negative feedback

Answer 16

• response designed to reduce magnitude of stimulus
• most common
• high blood sugar

Question 17

Positive feedback

Answer 17

• response designed to augment magnitude of stimulus
• amplify
• blood clotting
• uterine contraction during childbirth

Question 18

Energy types

Answer 18

Heat or potential energy

Question 19

Ectothermy

Answer 19

Temperature conformer or regulator

- behaviorally regulate

Question 20

Endothermy

Answer 20

Temperature regulator

- keeps temperature within a small range

Question 21

Heat transfer

Answer 21

• convection
• conduction
• radiation
• evaporation

Question 22

Convection

Answer 22

Movement of medium promotes thermal transfer

Question 23

Conduction

Answer 23

Two surfaces against each other, increases surface area which increases conductivity

Question 24

Radiation

Answer 24

Sunlight

Question 25

Evaporation

Answer 25

Requires heat, heat loss

Question 26

Fir

Answer 26

- filled with air making small pockets - slow convection because of small pockets - low conductivity of air makes for a good lightweight insulator

Question 27

Fat layers

Answer 27

can put layers of thought under the skin to keep heat in

Question 28

Hotspots

Answer 28

- places on body that are hotter than the rest | - can lose heat from here

Question 29

Autonomic thermoregulation

Answer 29

- endothermy - thermostat in brain - activates sweat glands, shunt blood to the skin - shiver, shunt blood to core

Question 30

Countercurrent circulation

Answer 30

- membranes equalize each other - maintains heat gradient - if you can call blood down before it hits a cold surface you can conserve heat, heat goes to other blood instead of surroundings

Question 31

Metabolic rate

Answer 31

Amount of energy used per unit of time | - calories

Question 32

Direct measurement of metabolic rate

Answer 32

Calorimetry

Question 33

Indirect measurement of metabolic rate

Answer 33

Oxygen consumption

Question 34

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 34

- endotherm | - minimum metabolic rate

Question 35

Standard metabolic rate

Answer 35

- ectotherm | - metabolic rate at a particular temperature

Question 36

Size relations to metabolic rates

Answer 36

Large mammals have higher diesel metabolic rates

Question 37

1 kg relations to metabolic rates

Answer 37

Smaller animals have higher basal metabolic rate per 1 kg of body mass