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General Biology II > Chapter 34 > Flashcards

Chapter 34 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two classes in Ambulacraria?

A

Echinoderms

Hemichordates

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2
Q

What are the three classes in Chordata?

A

Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Vertebrates

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3
Q

What does Echinodermata mean?

A

Spiny Skin

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4
Q

What are the main features of Echinodermata?

A
  • dermal ossicles
  • spines
  • bilateral larvae
  • adults have pentameric symmetry
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5
Q

What systems do Echinodermata have?

A
  1. water vascular system
  2. complete digestive system
  3. incomplete nervous system
  4. respiratory system
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6
Q

Echinodermata directional names

A 
aboral = dorsal
oral = ventral
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7
Q

Dermal Ossicles

A

CaCO3, plate-like

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8
Q

Spines

A

Spines of various sizes, may be absent

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9
Q

Water vascular system

A

Enables tube feet to adhere to substrate

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10
Q

Echinodermata nervous system

A

Incomplete, no brain

has central nerve net (simple)

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11
Q

Echinodermata excretory system

A

lose NH3 out of skin gills

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12
Q

Echinodermata respiratory system

A

skin gills = flap of skin, diffusion

sea cucumber use a respiratory tree

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13
Q

What are the four characteristics of Chordates?

A
  1. Pharyngeal gill pouches
  2. Notochord
  3. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Tube
  4. Post-Anal Tail
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14
Q

Pharyngeal gill pouches

A
  • develop into another structure

- perforate into gill slits

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15
Q

Notochord

A

rod of vacuolated cells wrapped in connective tissue

-body axis, skeletal element

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16
Q

Cephalochordata

A
  • lanclets
  • look like fish
  • metameric, muscle band separated
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17
Q

Urochordata

A
  • sea squirts
  • filter feeders as larvae, transient
  • adults: lose nervous system, plant on a rock and stay to eat
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18
Q

Craniata

A
  • brain case/skeletal protection

- hagfish, retains notochord, no mouth (agnathan)

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19
Q

Vertebrates

A
  • vertebral column replaces notochord
  • made of cartilage or bone
  • surrounds and protects spinal cord
20
Q

Example of a vertebrate

A

Lamprey-agatha

-primitive vertebrate

21
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Jawed

-CaPO4 to skeleton

22
Q

Osteichthyans

A

Bony fish

-lungs or lung derivates (swim bladder) that grow out of pharynx

23
Q

Lobe-Fins

A
  • coelomates
  • Actinistia, swim bladder filled with fat
  • Dipnoi
24
Q

Dipnoi

A
  • put air in swim bladder

- breath

25
Q

Osteichrichians

A
  • Actinpteygii
  • Actinistia
  • Dipnoi
26
Q

Tetrapods

A

limbs designed to support body on land

27
Q

Amniotes

A

amniotic agg for life on dry land

28
Q

Vertebrate jaw evolution

A

jaws evolved from pharyngeal arches in jawless fish

29
Q

Chondrichthyes

A
  • cartilaginous skeleton maintained through life, mineralization and bone secondarily lost
  • buccal pumping or ram ventilation depending on species
  • 2 chambered hearts
30
Q

Osteichthyes

A
  • bony fishes-thin scales
  • swim bladder
  • lateral line system
  • operculum
  • 2 chambered heart
31
Q

Operculum

A

bony covering over gill slits

32
Q

Amphibia

A
  • legs
  • cutaneous respiration
  • lungs; simple, buccal pump
  • pulmonary veins
  • 3 chambered heart (Urodela, Anura and Apoda)
  • amniotic egg
33
Q

Amniotic eggs

A

1st major adaptation to land

  • reptiles (birds)
  • mammals
34
Q

Reptilia

A
  • amniotic egg not tied to H2O
  • dry skin = thick keratinized epithelium
  • thoracic breathing = lungs
  • 3 chambered heart
35
Q

Dry Skin

A

Keratin protects against abrasion and H2O loss

36
Q

Thoracic Breathing

A
  • negative pressure ventilation
  • reduces H2O loss from breathing
  • made possible by 2nd-dary hard palate
37
Q

Negative pressure ventilation

A

increase lung volume -> reduced pressure ->suck air in, relax ->recoil ->expel air

38
Q

Reduction of H2O loss

A

to save H2O the distance is made longer and cooler

39
Q

Aves

A
  • endothermic
  • feathers
  • hollow bones
  • 4 chambered heart
  • parabronchi
40
Q

Feathers

A
  • very unique to aves
  • flight
  • coloration
  • thermoregulation
41
Q

Coloration of feathers

A
  • reflective of health of the animal
  • sexual selection
  • camouflage
42
Q

Hollow bones

A

have struts for support with lots of air spaces

43
Q

4 chambered heart in aves

A

required for high metabolic rates

44
Q

Mammalians

A
  • hair
  • mammary glands
  • endothermy
  • heterodont dentition
  • nails, hooves, antlers
  • carnivore, herbivore or omnivore
  • egg laying, marsupial
  • 3 inner ear ossicles
45
Q

Uniques features of mammals

A
  • hair

- mammary glands

46
Q

Pharyngeal differences between reptiles and mammals

A
  • in reptiles the pharyngeal arches become the stapes

- in mammals they become the 3 inner ear ossicles

47
Q

Advantage of 3 inner ear ossicles

A

they take weak, inner ear signals and amplify them

General Biology II (10 decks)

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