Chapter 34

Question 1

What are the two classes in Ambulacraria?

Answer 1

Echinoderms

Hemichordates

Question 2

What are the three classes in Chordata?

Answer 2

Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Vertebrates

Question 3

What does Echinodermata mean?

Answer 3

Spiny Skin

Question 4

What are the main features of Echinodermata?

Answer 4

• dermal ossicles
• spines
• bilateral larvae
• adults have pentameric symmetry

Question 5

What systems do Echinodermata have?

Answer 5

1. water vascular system
2. complete digestive system
3. incomplete nervous system
4. respiratory system

Question 6

Echinodermata directional names

Answer 6

aboral = dorsal
oral = ventral

Question 7

Dermal Ossicles

Answer 7

CaCO3, plate-like

Question 8

Spines

Answer 8

Spines of various sizes, may be absent

Question 9

Water vascular system

Answer 9

Enables tube feet to adhere to substrate

Question 10

Echinodermata nervous system

Answer 10

Incomplete, no brain

has central nerve net (simple)

Question 11

Echinodermata excretory system

Answer 11

lose NH3 out of skin gills

Question 12

Echinodermata respiratory system

Answer 12

skin gills = flap of skin, diffusion

sea cucumber use a respiratory tree

Question 13

What are the four characteristics of Chordates?

Answer 13

1. Pharyngeal gill pouches
2. Notochord
3. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Tube
4. Post-Anal Tail

Question 14

Pharyngeal gill pouches

Answer 14

• develop into another structure

- perforate into gill slits

Question 15

Notochord

Answer 15

rod of vacuolated cells wrapped in connective tissue

-body axis, skeletal element

Question 16

Cephalochordata

Answer 16

• lanclets
• look like fish
• metameric, muscle band separated

Question 17

Urochordata

Answer 17

• sea squirts
• filter feeders as larvae, transient
• adults: lose nervous system, plant on a rock and stay to eat

Question 18

Craniata

Answer 18

• brain case/skeletal protection

- hagfish, retains notochord, no mouth (agnathan)

Question 19

Vertebrates

Answer 19

• vertebral column replaces notochord
• made of cartilage or bone
• surrounds and protects spinal cord

Question 20

Example of a vertebrate

Answer 20

Lamprey-agatha

-primitive vertebrate

Question 21

Gnathostomes

Answer 21

Jawed

-CaPO4 to skeleton

Question 22

Osteichthyans

Answer 22

Bony fish

-lungs or lung derivates (swim bladder) that grow out of pharynx

Question 23

Lobe-Fins

Answer 23

• coelomates
• Actinistia, swim bladder filled with fat
• Dipnoi

Question 24

Dipnoi

Answer 24

• put air in swim bladder

- breath

Question 25

Osteichrichians

Answer 25

- Actinpteygii - Actinistia - Dipnoi

Question 26

Tetrapods

Answer 26

limbs designed to support body on land

Question 27

Amniotes

Answer 27

amniotic agg for life on dry land

Question 28

Vertebrate jaw evolution

Answer 28

jaws evolved from pharyngeal arches in jawless fish

Question 29

Chondrichthyes

Answer 29

- cartilaginous skeleton maintained through life, mineralization and bone secondarily lost - buccal pumping or ram ventilation depending on species - 2 chambered hearts

Question 30

Osteichthyes

Answer 30

- bony fishes-thin scales - swim bladder - lateral line system - operculum - 2 chambered heart

Question 31

Operculum

Answer 31

bony covering over gill slits

Question 32

Amphibia

Answer 32

- legs - cutaneous respiration - lungs; simple, buccal pump - pulmonary veins - 3 chambered heart (Urodela, Anura and Apoda) - amniotic egg

Question 33

Amniotic eggs

Answer 33

1st major adaptation to land - reptiles (birds) - mammals

Question 34

Reptilia

Answer 34

- amniotic egg not tied to H2O - dry skin = thick keratinized epithelium - thoracic breathing = lungs - 3 chambered heart

Question 35

Dry Skin

Answer 35

Keratin protects against abrasion and H2O loss

Question 36

Thoracic Breathing

Answer 36

- negative pressure ventilation - reduces H2O loss from breathing - made possible by 2nd-dary hard palate

Question 37

Negative pressure ventilation

Answer 37

increase lung volume -> reduced pressure ->suck air in, relax ->recoil ->expel air

Question 38

Reduction of H2O loss

Answer 38

to save H2O the distance is made longer and cooler

Question 39

Aves

Answer 39

- endothermic - feathers - hollow bones - 4 chambered heart - parabronchi

Question 40

Feathers

Answer 40

- very unique to aves - flight - coloration - thermoregulation

Question 41

Coloration of feathers

Answer 41

- reflective of health of the animal - sexual selection - camouflage

Question 42

Hollow bones

Answer 42

have struts for support with lots of air spaces

Question 43

4 chambered heart in aves

Answer 43

required for high metabolic rates

Question 44

Mammalians

Answer 44

- hair - mammary glands - endothermy - heterodont dentition - nails, hooves, antlers - carnivore, herbivore or omnivore - egg laying, marsupial - 3 inner ear ossicles

Question 45

Uniques features of mammals

Answer 45

- hair | - mammary glands

Question 46

Pharyngeal differences between reptiles and mammals

Answer 46

- in reptiles the pharyngeal arches become the stapes | - in mammals they become the 3 inner ear ossicles

Question 47

Advantage of 3 inner ear ossicles

Answer 47

they take weak, inner ear signals and amplify them