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Anatomy & Physiology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What sense helps an animal maintain balance by keeping track of position and movements of the head?

A

equilibrium

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1
Q

what are the 2 main systems that control breathing

A

mechanical system and chemical system

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2
Q

What does SA node stand for?

A

Sinoatrial node

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2
Q

What are the three ossicles of the ear called?

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes
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3
Q

Acetycholine and norepinephrine are examples of?

A

Neurotransmitters

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4
Q

What state is a neuron in when it is not being stimulated?

A

Resting state

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5
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B-Cells and T-Cells

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6
Q

What is the top of a dog’s nose also known as?

A

Planum nasale

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6
Q

What is calcitonin ? and where is it produced ?

A

Hormone that prevents the level of calcium in the blood from getting to high. it is produced in the thyroid gland

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6
Q

Which cranial nerves are both sensory and motor nerves

A

CN V- Trigeminal

CN VII- Facial

CN IX-Vestibulocochlear

X-Vagus

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6
Q

List the layers of the skeletal muscle

A

Muscle fiber, fascicle, endomysium, perimysium, epimysium.

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7
Q

Erthroctyes are formed in bone marrow by a process called?

A

Hematopoeisis

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8
Q

Where does most tubular secretion take place?

A

In the distal convoltued tubule (DCT).

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9
Q

Which blood cell is responsible for carrying oxygen to the tissues?

A

RBCs

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9
Q

Which part of the spleen acts as reservoir for blood?

A

Red Pulp

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9
Q

What is the term for the presence of glucose in urine?

A

Glycosuria

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9
Q

The kidney’s nerve supply comes from where?

A

Sympathetic portion of the Autonomic nervous system.

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10
Q

What is Anemia?

A

A condition where there is decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. This is caused by there not being enough red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration or both.

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11
Q

Diuresis

A

Producing and passing large amounts of urine

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11
Q

What three hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

A
  1. T3
  2. T4
  3. Calcitonin
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11
Q

T or F Uterine hornes are also known as falopian tubes?

A

False

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12
Q

Ventral

A

towards the belly

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13
Q

Where does the pineal gland play a role in?

A

Regulation of body rythyms

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13
Q

What hormones are produced in the anterior pituitary?

A

GH, Prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, MSH

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13
Q

which type of muscle does not have sarcomeres?

A

smooth

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13
Q

What is infection of the mammary gland?

A

Mastitis

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14
Q

Which gland produces sebum?

A

Sebaceous

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14
Q

Normal feline Heart Rate

A

150-210bpm

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14
Q

What is the primary source of passive immunity in veterinary medicine?

A

Colostrum

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14
Q

What is lymph filtered by?

A

Lymph Nodes

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14
Q

What muscle is found all over the body in places such as eyes, stomach and urinary bladder?

A

Smooth muscle

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14
Q

What are the basic functions of the digestive tract?

A
  1. Prehension (grasping) of food with the lips or teeth. 2. Mastication, the mechanical grinding and breaking down of food. 3. Chemical digestion of food 4. Absorption of nutrients and water 5. Elimination of wastes.
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15
Q

What protects the keratinocytes from UV radiation?

A

Melanin

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16
Q

Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?

A

Areas where cells must reproduce rapidly: vagina, mouth, anus.

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18
Q

An increase in what hormone causes ovulation to occur?

A

Luteinizing hormone

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19
Q

Which extraocular muscle do humans not share with animals and what does it do?

A

Retractor Bulbi

Retracts the eye further into the orbit, enhancing the other extraocular muscles

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20
Q

The passageways that lead from the ______ to the ______ are called the bronchial tree.

A

bronchi

alveoli

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22
Q

What is the colostrums most important role?

A

providing the newborn with passive immunity.

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23
Q

What are the two types of immune response?

A

Specific and Nonspecific

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23
Q

The ________ is often covered by a fatty substance called _______

A

Axons & myelin

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24
Q

What is micturition?

A

Urination

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25
Q

Mineralocorticoid hormones target what organ?

A

Kidneys

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26
Q

What is the name of the division of the trachea into the two main bronchi?

A

Bifurcation of the trachea

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27
Q

What are the two targets for oxytocin?

A

The uterus and mammary glands.

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27
Q

The hypothalamus is a part of the ________ of the brain.

A

diencephalon

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27
Q

what organ is both an exocrine and endocrine gland that is associated with the digestive system?

A

pancreas

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28
Q

What does TSH do?

A

stimulate growth and development of the thyroid gland and cause it to produce it’s hormones

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29
Q

Cranial

A

Toward the head

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29
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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30
Q

What is Cell-Mediated Immunity?

A

The function of T cells that attach to antigenic sites on the surfaces of foreign cells.

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30
Q

What divides the aqueous compartment?

A

Iris

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31
Q

Deep grooves in the cerebrum

A

Fissures

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32
Q

In what cardiac cycle does the heart muscle contract, eject blood from the atria to the ventricles, and then from the ventricles to the arteries?

A

Systole

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33
Q

Where is blood stored when the body doesn’t need all of its blood circulating?

A

The spleen

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33
Q

What is a common neurotransmitter used to signal muscle contraction?

A

Acetylcholine

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33
Q

Name the 2 main systems that control breathing and what they do.

A
  1. Mechanical system: that sets routine inspiration and expiration limits. 2. Chemical system: that monitors the levels of certain substances in the blood and directs adjustments in breathing if they get out of balance
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34
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous Tubules

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35
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are______?

A

Multinucleated

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36
Q

cardiac muscle is also know as ?

A

involuntary striated muscle

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36
Q

Air, blood, lymph and nerves enter and leave the lung at the _____, located on the medial side

A

Hilus.

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37
Q

What are the general senses ?

A
  1. Visceral sensations 2. Touch 3. Temperature 4. Pain 5. Proprioception
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37
Q

Cardiac and smooth muscle are voluntary or involuntary

A

Involuntary

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38
Q

what is the normal pcv (packed cell volume) range for a dog

A

37% - 55%

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38
Q

Which neurotransmitter can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on location

A

Acetylcholine

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39
Q

Dendrites are called ______

A

Sensory receptors

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40
Q

What symptom is common in FLUTD?

A

Presesnce of Uroliths(stones)

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41
Q

What type of WBC is this?

A

Monocyte

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42
Q

What is the withdrawal reflex also called?

A

Flexor reflex

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42
Q

What are oviducts also known as?

A

fallopian tubes and uterine tubes

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43
Q

Immunoglobulin that can leave blood and enter tissue fluids. It plays an important role in preventing diseases caused by antigens that may enter the body through mucosal surfaces.

A

IgA

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44
Q

What does it mean when the kidneys are referred to be located retroperitoneal?

A

outside (behind or dorsal to) the abdominal cavity

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45
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The area from 1 Z line to another Z line

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45
Q

Muscles attach to bones at both ends by what?

A

tough, fibrous connective tissue band called tendons.

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46
Q

Function of kidneys?

A

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion
Fluid balance regulation
Acid-base balance regulation
Production of hormones

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47
Q

3 layers of the eyeball

A

outer: fibrous layer; the middle: vascular layer; the inner: nervous layer

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48
Q

what is another name for Thyroid Simulating Hormone?

A

Thyrotrophic Hormone

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50
Q

What is a uniparous species?

A

A species that typically only gives birth to one offspring at a time.

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51
Q

what vein carries oxygenated blood

A

pulmonary vein

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51
Q

What are the 3 main mechanisms by which the kidneys carry out their waste elimination role?

A
  1. Filtration of blood 2. Reabsorption of useful substance back into the bloodstream. 3. Secretion of waste products from the blood into the tubules of the nephron.
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52
Q

What do you call the movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungs?

A

Ventilation

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53
Q

the diaphragm is made of what type of muscle

A

Skeletal muscle

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54
Q

what organ of the ear controls equilibrium.

A

Semicircular canals

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55
Q

The vein most commonly used for venipuncture is the____vein?

A

Jugular

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55
Q

What is the difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Epinephrine is short acting and norepinephrine Similar Hormones related to “Fight or Flight” of the ANS Increased HR, BP, blood flow, output Decrease GI activity Increased BG Bronchioles dilate Pupils dilate

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55
Q

What are the four types of stimuli for sensory receptors? Give an example of each

A
  1. Mechanincal Stimuli example: touch
  2. Thermal stimuli example: hot and cold
  3. Electromagnetic stimuli example: vision
  4. Chemical stimuli example: taste
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55
Q

what are the 3 phases of a single muscle fiber contraction

A

latent phase, contracting phase, relaxation phase

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56
Q

where does external respiration take place

A

in the aveoli

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57
Q

What 2 layers is the dermis composed of ?

A

Papillary and Reticular

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57
Q

Normal Canine Heart Rate

A

70-160 bpm

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58
Q

What hormone helps regulate the body’s metabolic rate?

A

Thyroid Hormone

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59
Q

What causes pigmentation of skin?

A

The presence or absence of melanin granules in the armlike extensions in the melanocytes.

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60
Q

At the epidermal-dermal junction which cells found in small numbers are always associated with a sensory nerve

A

Merkel Cells

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60
Q

What is an interferon?

A

Protein produced by a cell after it has been infected by a virus

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60
Q

The renal corpuscle is made up of the ____ and _____.

A

Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule

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60
Q

What links the hypothalmus to the anterior pituitary gland?

A

A system of tiny blood vessels called a Portal System

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61
Q

What is produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin?

A

Bilirubin

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61
Q

What is the second largest component of the brain?

A

Cerebellum

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62
Q

The conjunction of the cornea and sclera is called the…?

A

Limbus.

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62
Q

What are the 2 muscles that help in expiration?

A

internal intercostal and abdominal muscles

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63
Q

Breaks in the suface of mucous and in the underlying mucousa are called erisions. What are deep erosions called?

A

Gastric Ulcers

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64
Q

What is the origin, insertion and action of the splenius muscle?

A

Origin: Fascia along the middorsal line of the neck

Insertion: Lambdoidal ridge of the occipital bone.

Action :Lateral flexion of the head.

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66
Q

Glucose gets stored as glycogen in the liver by a process called…

A

glycogenesis

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67
Q

what does chemotaxis do?

A

Uses chemicals to attract neutrophils to the site of an infection

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68
Q

when one or both testes do not descend into the scrotum

A

cryptorchidism

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69
Q

What is a blood protein that the liver provides a major source of?

A

albumin

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70
Q

Which type of smooth muscle is large and relatively powerfull

A

Visceral smooth muscle

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71
Q

What are pre-T cells in the thymus called?

A

thymocytes

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71
Q

the gallbladder is a storage compartment for what ?

A

bile

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72
Q

The area oc the thorax that contains the heart and trachea.

A

Mediastinum

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73
Q

Name the layers that makes up the GI wall

A

1) the mucosa, the lining layer
2) the submucosa, beneath the mucosa
3) the thick muscle layer, outside the submucosa
4) the serosa, outermost layer

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74
Q

What is a synergist?

A

A muscle that contracts at the same time as a prime mover and assists it in carrying out its action.

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74
Q

what is another term for voice production

A

phonation

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75
Q

How many extraocular muscles do animals have?

A

7

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76
Q

Phagocytosis

A

When a cell ingests a microorganism

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76
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A

To produce, store, and release antibodies

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76
Q

The kidneys are covered by what?

A

Fibrous connective tissue capsule

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76
Q

The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that is attaches to what?

A

the hypothalamus

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76
Q

Main functions of the testes

A

spermatogenesis and hormone production

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77
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Monocytes, Lymphocytes

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79
Q

What is it called when the uterus goes back to it’s non pregnant size?

A

involution

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80
Q

What layer lies just beneath the epithelial layer of the epidermis and is composed of loose conective tissue with loosely woven fibers and ground substance.

A

Papillary layer

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81
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red Blood Cell

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82
Q

What hormones do the kidneys produce?

A

erythropoietin and prostaglandin

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83
Q

Cells give up vital organelles and nuclei to make room for Which tough, protective substance.

A

keratin

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83
Q

what is the normal pcv (packed cell volume) range for a cat

A

24% - 45%

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84
Q

What are digestive enzymes?

A

Proteins that promote the chemical reactions that split complex food molecules up into simpler compounds.

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86
Q

What is dystocia?

A

Difficult birth

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87
Q

What is the name of the fibers that connects the two halves of the cerebral cortex?

A

Corpus callosum

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88
Q

Normal Feline Heart Rate

A

150-210 bpm

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88
Q

What hormones control the estrus cycle?

A

LH and FSH.

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89
Q

Where do blood and lymph vessels, nerves and ureters enter/leave the kidney?

A

Hilus

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90
Q

What are the three parts of the brain stem?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
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91
Q

What does the GH help regulate?

A

metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in all body’s cells

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91
Q

What are two types of smooth muscle?

A

Visceral smooth muscle and multiunit smooth muscle.

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91
Q

What area of the medulla oblongata in the brainstem controls breathing?

A

respiratory center

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92
Q

What is the “passageway” that divide each nasal?

A

Nasal Metus

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94
Q

Which cranial nerve stimulates the stomach?

A

Vagus nerve.

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95
Q

What is parturition?

A

The act of giving birth.

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96
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located and what is another name for it?

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle, right atrioventricular valve.

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97
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

The heart relaxes and refills with blood

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98
Q

Basic unit of the endocrine system

A

endocrine glands

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98
Q

______ is located in the cell membrane and actively pumps NA out and K ions in to the neuron.

A

Sodium-potassium pump

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99
Q

Touch is also know as what?

A

the tactile sense

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100
Q

Where is the pacinian corpuscle located?

A

The hypodermis

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101
Q

General term for the formation of white blood cells

A

Leukopoiesis

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102
Q

What muscle is controlled by the conscious mind and moves the bones of the skeleton so the animal can move?

A

Skeletal muscle

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103
Q

What four refractive media in the eye help to form a clear image on the retina?

A

The cornea, the aqueous humor, the lens and he vitreous humor.

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104
Q

What is the difference between Sinus bradycardia and Sinus tachycardia?

A

Sinus bradycardia Abnormally slow heart rate Normal conductivity Sinus tachycardia Abnormally fast heart rate Normal conductivity

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105
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

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106
Q

what are the three ossicles bones

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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107
Q

Which substances are eliminated by secretion?

A

Hydrogen, potassium and ammmonia.

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107
Q

What does colostrum contain?

A

Antibodies, proteins, and vitamins.

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109
Q

oval opening that alows blood to by pass the fetus’s lungs

A

Foramen ovale

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109
Q

What does the term stenotic nares mean

A

The nostrils are pinched or narrow

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110
Q

Name the principle cells found in the Epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans cells.

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112
Q

What seperates the left nasal passage from the right?

A

Nasal septum

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113
Q

Where do blood cells originate?

A

Bone marrow

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114
Q

Vessel cranial to the heart

A

Axillary artery

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116
Q

What are 2 proteins that function in muscle contraction?

A

Actin and Myosin

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117
Q

Where is gastrin produced and what does it act on?

A

The stomach wall

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118
Q

What are the 5 parts of a monogastric stomach?

A

Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pyloric Antrum, Pylorus

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119
Q

Which WBC produces antibodies?

A

Lymphocytes

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120
Q

Flat, ribbon like structure that lies along the surface of the testis

A

Epididymis

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121
Q

The muscles that make the digestive tube

A

skeletsl muscles and smooth muscle

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122
Q

Muscle that has intercalated disks

A

Cardiac

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122
Q

What is the gestation period of cats?

A

56-69 days

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124
Q

What glands produce tears?

A

Lacrimal glands and the accessory lacrimal glands

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126
Q

mechanical digestion is known as

A

mastication

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127
Q

Thin scroll-like bones in the nasal passage

A

Nasal Turbinates

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128
Q

Calcitonin helps regulate what?

A

Blood calcium levels

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128
Q

The hypothalamus produces what two hormones?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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129
Q

What is pruritus

A

Itchiness

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130
Q

Between what two layers of the heart is there a fluid filled space and what is its purpose?

A

Visceral and parietal layers. The fluid acts as a lubricant to allow smooth expansion and contraction.

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130
Q

a thin, transparent memebrane that covers the front portion of the eyeball and lines the interior surfaces of the eyelid

A

conjunctiva

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131
Q

The corpus leteum developes during which phase?

A

Metestrus.

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132
Q

At the hind limbs, the trunk of the aorta divides into right and left______

A

Iliac arteries.

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132
Q

What are the 4 primary functions of the lymphatic system

A

Removal of excess tissue fluid, Waste material transport, Filtration of lymph, & Protein transport.

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132
Q

Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Endocrine-secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Exocrine-secrete their product onto epithelial surfaces through tiny tubes (ducts)

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132
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses or chemical irritants.

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133
Q

What are the saclike spaces that make up the vestibule?

A

The utricle and the saccule

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135
Q

What is the T-shaped plate of cartilage covered by the conjunctiva?

A

The third eyelid

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136
Q

The 2 factors for cardiac output

A

Stroke volume and heart rate

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136
Q

What are Suppressor T Cells?

A

These cells inhibit helper T cell and cytotoxic T cells function by negative feedback. They prevent B cells from transforming into plasma cells.

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138
Q

Glucagon is produced by which organ?

A

Pancreas

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138
Q

Most of the ear structures are housed within the ____ bones

A

Temporal.

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139
Q

List the 5 WBC types

A

Neutrophil

Monocyte

Lymphocyte

Eosinophil

Basophil

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139
Q

What pushes lymph back towards the heart?

A

Body Movement

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140
Q

what are the three stages of labor?

A
  1. uterine contractions
  2. delivery of the newborn
  3. delivery of the placenta
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141
Q

What are the main expiratory muscles?

A

Internal intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles.

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143
Q

what are the 4 chemical hormone groups?

A

  1. peptides and proteins, 2. steroids, 3. amino acid derivatives, 4. fatty acid derivatives
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143
Q

Pain produces what type of stimulies

A

Mechanical, chemical, or thermal

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145
Q

What cells in the pancreas produce glucagon?

A

alpha cells

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146
Q

What cells are produced in the bone marrow?

A

Langerhans Cells

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148
Q

What 3 categories are carbohydrates divded into?

A

Sugars, starches, cellulose

149
Q

What are the functions of Prostaglandins E and I?

A

Reduce stomach’s hydrochloric acid production and stimulate production of the protective mucous layer within the stomach.

150
Q
A
150
Q

Normal Feline RR

A

24-42

151
Q

Rostral

A

towards the nose

151
Q

What are tail glands thought to assist with?

A

Recognition and identification of other animals

152
Q

Hormone that encourages follicles to develope in the ovaries

A

FSH

152
Q

Where is the central temperature receptor located?

A

hypothalamus

153
Q

What are the main inspiratory muscles?

A

Diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles

154
Q

Where is the mitral valve located and what is another name for it?

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle, left atrioventricular valve.

156
Q

The masseter muscles origin is ________arch, its insertion point is ramus of the _________. Without this muscle animals would not be able to elevate their mandible.

A

Zygomatic & mandible

157
Q

T or F

Sarcomere contraction is All or Nothing?

A

True

158
Q

Thyroid hormone is actually what two hormones?

A

T3 (Triiodothyronine) & T4 (Tetraiodothyronine)

159
Q

The skin is responsible for the production of which vitamin?

A

Vitamin D

160
Q

Name the 4 planes of reference

A

Sagital plane, Median plane, Transverse plane, Dorsal plane

162
Q

What is the electrical anatomy of the heart?

A

SA Node, AV Node, Bundle of His, Purkinje Fibers

162
Q

G cells are found in the….?

A

Stomach.

164
Q

What does the tightly capillary wall and additional glial cell membranes prevents?

A

drugs, proteins, ions and other molecules from passinf from the blood into the brain

165
Q

What provides a rapid response to foreign invaders?

A

Nonspecific Immunity

166
Q

What is the difference between polyuria and pollakuria?

A

Polyuria means an increase in volume of urine

Pollakiuria means in an increase in frequency of urination

166
Q

Where does blood filtration occur?

A

Renal corpuscle

167
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers of the body that are produced and excreted by specific cells for the purpose of regulating specific organs or cells.

168
Q

What 2 erectile tissue structures make up the body of the penis?

A

Corpus cavernosum urethrae and corpus caernosum penis

169
Q

What is the difference between peristaltic contractions and segmental contractions?

A

Peristaltic contractions move contents along the digestive tract. Segmental contractions cause back-and-forth mixing movements of the digestive tract contents.

170
Q

What happens during Systole?

A

Heart muscle contracts and blood leaves the atria to the ventricles or from the ventricles to the arteries.

171
Q

What is the gestation range for canines?

A

59-68 days approximately 2 months

173
Q

Which photoceptors are sensitive to color and detail?

A

Cones.

174
Q

What is happening to the heart muscle during the “P” phase of the PQRS complex?

A

The atria are contracting

175
Q

Which WBCs are granulocytes

A

Eosinophils, Basophils, neutrophils

175
Q

What is the nephron?

A

The basic functional unit of the kidney

176
Q

Where are sebaceous glands not found?

A

paw pads and planum nasale

177
Q

what does the hormone prolactin do?

A

helps trigger and maintain lactation

178
Q

what are the 4 primary functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Removal of excess tissue fluid, waste material transport, filtration of lymph, and protein transport,

179
Q

What are 6 functions of skin?

A
  1. Protect, cover and line.
  2. Filter biochemical substances.
  3. Absorb nutrients
  4. Provide sensory input
  5. Manufacture secretions
  6. Manufacture excretions
179
Q

3 segments of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

180
Q

What 3 main hormone groups does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids and Sex Hormones

182
Q

what kind of muscle is the arrector pilli

A

smooth muscle

182
Q

The efferent glomerular arterioles divide into capillaries that surrond the nephron, what are these capillaries called?

A

peritubular capillaries

182
Q

The three layers of the meninges.

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia Matter
183
Q

What do somatic reflexes involve?

A

Contraction of skeletal muscles

184
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

The nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea

185
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Maintains homeostasis by preventing Hypocalcemia.

186
Q

What is another name for parathyroid hormone?

A

Parathormone

188
Q

What does negative feedbacks systems control?

A

Hormone secretion

189
Q

What is the average life span of a red blood cell in dogs?

A

110 days

190
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

relaxing of the ventricle and recharging of the node

191
Q

what is special about the insertion of the muscle

A

it undergoes most of the movement when a muscle contracts.

192
Q

The small intestines is the major site of____ and_____.

A

digestion and absorption

194
Q

synthesis of proteins is an example of?

A

Anabolism

195
Q

What is the outer layer of the heart called?

A

Pericardium

196
Q

What is the IgE antibody associated with?

A

Allergic response

197
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

The term used to describe how fast plasma is filtered as it passes through the glomerulus.

199
Q

Which cranial nerves are sensory nerves

A

CN I - Olfactory

CN II- Optic

VIII-Vestibulocochlear

200
Q

the sense of smell is called what ?

A

olfactory sense

202
Q

What are progestins produced by?

A

Corpus luteum

203
Q

Principal cells found in the Epidermis

A

Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Merkel, and Langerhans cells

204
Q

Shallow grooves in the cerebrum

A

Sulci

205
Q

A muscle or muscle group that opposes the action of a prime mover is?

A

antagonist

207
Q

3 different types of muscle make up the muscular system, what are they?

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

208
Q

Which system is voluntary control of skeletal muscles in?

A

Somatic nervous system

210
Q

One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates is?

A

Motor unit

211
Q

From outside in name the main structures of the upper respiratory tract

A

Nostrils Nasal passages Pharynx Larynx Trachea

213
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell.

214
Q

What type of muscle is the arrector pili muscle?

A

Smooth muscle

216
Q

which area of the brain is responsible for higher order functions

A

cerebrum

218
Q

Where is grey matter located?

A

Outer layer of the brain and center of the spinal cord

220
Q

What are the 4 processes that contribute to nociception?

A
  1. Transduction 2. Transmission 3. Modulation 4. Perception
221
Q

Ruminant stomach is found in?

A

Cattle, sheep, goats, and llamas.

222
Q

the liver is the major source of what blood protein?

A

albumin

224
Q

What conducts nerve impulses away from the CNS?

A

Efferent nerves

224
Q

what are the 2 types muscles of respiration

A

inspiratory muscles, expiratory muscles

225
Q

The small gaps in the myelin sheath between the glial cells is called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

227
Q

What does cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

Provides cushioning and may regulate autonomic functions (i.e. respiration, vomiting)

229
Q

What are the muscle’s attachement sites called and which is more stable?

A

Origin of the muscle and insertion of the muscle. Origin of the muscle is more stable.

230
Q

Physiology

A

The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

231
Q

Lymph fluid re-enters the bloodstream via what large lymph vessel near the heart?

A

Thoracic duct.

233
Q

Where is glucagon produced in?

A

The pancreas

234
Q

A broad sheet of fibrous tissue that attaches two muscles or a muscle to a bone. Ex. Linea alba.

A

Aponeuroses

235
Q

What is plasma

A

The fluid portion of blood with cloting factors that makes up 45% to 78% of blood volume

235
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Refers to the opening of the sodium channesl and the sudden influx of many sodium ions into the cell.

236
Q

Composed of areolar tissue containing adipose, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves

A

Hypodermis

237
Q

What is the ring-shaped structure located directly behind the iris?

A

Ciliary body

238
Q

Medial

A

Toward the middle

239
Q

Three categories of hair

A
  1. Primary or Guard hairs
  2. Secondary or Wool Hairs
  3. Tactile or Sinus Hairs
239
Q

What are the most easily visible parts of the atria called?

A

Auricles

240
Q

a paper-thin, connective tissue membrane that is tightly stretched across the opening between the external auditory canal and the middle ear cavity

A

tympanic membrane

242
Q

What are tonsils?

A

noduals of lymphoid tissue that are not covered with a capsule.

242
Q

what is the larynx commonly reffered to as?

A

voice box

243
Q

What organs are part of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and gut associated lymph tissue(GALT)

244
Q

What does the blood regulate?

A

body temperature

tissue fluid content

blood ph

245
Q

Hemoconcentration

A

Less plasma in bloodstream, and cells become more concentrated.

246
Q

What type of white blood cell is this?

A

Basophil

247
Q

Condition in which the muscles of the heart have become thin and weak and now have a lower stroke volume than normal.

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

249
Q

true or false

all male dogs have a bulbourethral gland

A

false

251
Q

name the 3 parts of the ear

A

Pina, Middle ear, Inner ear

253
Q

What enzyme is found the saliva of omnivores, but not in the saliva of carnivores?

A

Amylase

253
Q

Difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A

spermatogenesis: spermatozoa is produced continously and in very large numbers

oogenesis: not produced continuosly and there is a fixed number of oocytes

254
Q

What are 2 actions of skeletal muscle?

A

To move bones and generate heat

255
Q

What does the Hormone Aldosterone do

A

stimulates sodium reabsorption in the Kidney

255
Q

The opening into the larynx, made up ofthe arytenoid cartilages and the vocal cords.

A

Glottis

256
Q

What keeps the valve between the atrium and the ventricle from bending back into the atrium

A

Chordae tendineae

257
Q

What type of white blood cell is this

A

Basophil

259
Q

Where is white matter located?

A

The outer part of the spinal chord and the inner part of the brain

260
Q

What is special about cells in the white pulp of the spleen.

A

They can clone themselves during an immune response.

261
Q

Visceral

A

Referring to soft internal organs.

261
Q

Correct path of urinary excretion

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

261
Q

the inside of the Bladder is lined with ?

A

transitional epithelium cells

262
Q

what are the 3 things we can change to manage heart disease?

A

Pump - strength of the beat, Pipes - constrictict or dilate vessels, Fluid - viscosity

264
Q

The elium is part of the small intestines? T or F

A

False. The Ilium is part of the small intestines, where as the Elium is part of the bony pelvis.

266
Q

Where does most tubular secretion take place?

A

The distal convoluted tubule

268
Q

What is the purpose of the hyaline cartilage rings?

A

To hold the trachea open and prevent it from collapsing on itself when the animal inhales.

269
Q

what are rugae?

A

multiple long folds in the stomach, commonly seen on endoscopic exam

270
Q

What are 3 plasma proteins?

A

Albumins, Globulins and Fibrinogen

271
Q

Which side of the heart moves blood to the body?

A

Left side

271
Q

which type of white blood cell is incapable of phagocytosis

A

Lymphocytes

272
Q

2 categories of temperature receptors

A

superficial and central

273
Q

Name the layers of the epidermis from deepest to superficial

A

Stratum Basale, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Lucidum

274
Q

The impulse for the heart beat originates in the…?

A

SA Node

276
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

The sheath of skin that encloses the penis when it is not erect.

278
Q

what are the two main divisions of the nervous systems

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous systems (CNS)

279
Q

What is the process of experiencing pain called?

A

Nociception

280
Q

The CNS is composed of

A

the brain, and spinal cord

282
Q

What are three types of gustatory papillae?

A
  1. Fungiform
  2. Foliate
  3. Vallate
282
Q

A muscle that moves a limb away from the midline is called

A

an abductor

284
Q

Nervous impulses from rods and cones pass via the______to the brain.

A

Optic nerve

285
Q

What are the 7 anterior pituitary hormones?

A

GH, Prolactin, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH and MSH

286
Q

Why does hair turn grey or white as animals age?

A

Melanin production decreases. The cortex loses its pigment entirely and the medulla becomes filled with air.

287
Q

What is heart murmur often related to?

A

Periodontal disease

289
Q

what are the four special senses

A

taste, smell, hearing, vision

290
Q

What glands are found in the external ear canal of dogs?

A

Apocrine sweat glands

291
Q

What’s the sympathetic nervous system often called

A

fight or flight system

292
Q

What is the caudal bend of the heart

A

The Apex

294
Q

Palatal surface

A

The inner surface of the upper teeth.

295
Q

Name the artery and the vein that supply and drain blood from the kidney?

A

Renal artery and the Renal Vein

296
Q

What cell is associated with sensory nerve endings?

A

Merkel Cells

297
Q

What is the Lymph from the digestive tract called?

A

Chyle

299
Q

What is passive immunity

A

administering antibodies that weren’t produced by the animals own immune system.

300
Q

Superficial layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum Corneum

300
Q

Air that is still in the lungs after a forced expiration is?

A

Residual volume

302
Q

What are the main inspiratory muscles?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

302
Q

Gametes unite to become this

A

Zygote

303
Q

What do Afferent nerves do

A

conduct nerve impulses toward the CNS

304
Q

what are two of the main muscles that raise the head and neck

A

splenius muscle

trapezius muscle

305
Q

What are the 2 kinds of respiration that are constantly going on in the body?

A

External respiration and Internal respiration

306
Q

Which artery supplies blood to the tail?

A

Coccygeal

306
Q

Thrombocyte

A

Platelet

307
Q

What is the connection between the rest of the brain and the spinal cord ?

A

Brain stem

308
Q

Hemodilution

A

Extra fluid in the plasma which dilutes the cells.

309
Q

What is the process of aging in red blood cells called?

A

senescence

310
Q

Where can simple epithelium be found?

A

Protected areas: internal compartments, ducts, vessels, and passageways.

312
Q

5 types of immunoglobulins (Ig)

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD

314
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Neutrophil

315
Q

Polymorphonuclear

A

A multilobed, segmented nucleus

317
Q

What ototoxic drugs can cause deafness?

A

Gentamycin & neomycin

318
Q

what muscle makes the hair stand up

A

arrector pilli muscle

319
Q

Leukocyte

A

White Blood Cell

321
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils

322
Q

Organism

A

An individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.

323
Q

Only found in thick skin

A

Stratum Lucidium

325
Q

In order from outside to in the main structures of the upper respiratory tract are

A

Nostrils, Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea

326
Q

What type of nerve is the Olfactory?

A

Sensory

328
Q

what artery carries deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary artery

328
Q

What type of white blood cell is this

A

monocyte

330
Q

What is the Calorigenic effect?

A

Thyroid hormones that help heat the body.

331
Q

what ions are involved in nerve conduction

A

sodium and potassium

332
Q

Cranial

A

Toward the head

333
Q

Pulse Deficit

A

When the heart rate and pluse rate are not the same

335
Q

Oliguria

A

passing small amounts of urine

337
Q

What does prehension mean?

A

Grasping of food with lips or teeth.

339
Q

What gland produces glucagon, & androgens

A

Testis

341
Q

Signals are transmitted from one nerve to another via?

A

Neurotransmitters

342
Q

Which hormone encourages excess calcium to be deposited in the bones?

A

Calcitonin

343
Q

What is the thickest layer of the heart?

A

Myocardium

344
Q

Diabetes mellitus is caused by a deficiency of which hormone?

A

Insulin

345
Q

The urinary system removes…

A

urea, salts, water, and other soluble waste products

346
Q

Pleomorphic

A

Non-segmented nucleus with varying shapes

346
Q

What is the function of memory cells?

A

They wait for a second infection of the same antigen that originally caused their formation. The immune response is more rapid the second time the body is exposed to the antigen.

347
Q

The period of transition between the anagen and telogen phase is called?

A

The catagen phase

349
Q

What has both exocrine and endocrine functions?

A

The Pancreas

350
Q

Erythropoeitin is secreted by which organ?

A

Kidney

351
Q

What are three functions of the muscular system?

A
  1. Produce movement of the body and parts.
  2. Maintains posture
  3. Produces heat
352
Q

What is the birth process called?

A

Parturition

353
Q

What does serum have that plasma does not?

A

fibrinogen and other clotting factors

354
Q

What are 2 other names for urination?

A

Uresis, Micturition

355
Q

what WBCs are agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes

357
Q

What organ has both exocrine and endocrine functions

A

The pancreas

357
Q

transmission of an impulse from one neuron to the next is called…

A

Synaptic transmission

358
Q

Made of 4-5 layers

A

Epidermis

360
Q

The total number of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell is called?

A

Diploid chromosome number.

362
Q

What organs make up the Renal system

A

2 kidney’s 2 ureters 1 urinary blader and 1 urethra

363
Q

What is asystole?

A

When the heart has completely stopped.

364
Q

How many teeth do canines have (deciduous and adult)?

A

Deciduous: 28

Adult: 42

365
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail

367
Q

where does reabsorbtion take place

A

in the PCTs and the loop of Henle

369
Q

What part of the nervous system that controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and endocrine glands automatically without conscious control.

A

Automatic nervous system

370
Q

What does the kidney maintain?

A

Homeostasis

BODY LIKE SAME

372
Q

What does GALT satnd for?

A

Gut associated lymph tissue.

374
Q

Two types of sweat glands and the difference between them

A
  1. Eccrine Gland - Empties onto the surface
  2. Apocrine Gland - Empties into a hair follicle
374
Q

What is urolithiasis?

A

Condition of having urinary stones

375
Q

What is Hemoglobin?

A

The protein in RBCs that gives them their red color and allows them to carry oxygen

377
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone necessary for red blood cell production

379
Q

Where is breathing controlled and what is it known as?

A

by an area in the medulla oblongata and it’s known as the respiratory center

380
Q

Define Hypoxia

A

low levels of oxygen in the blood

381
Q

Where is the Renal corpuscle located?

A

in the cortex of the kidney

382
Q

3 - types of lymphocytes

A

T - lymphocytes (B- cells)

B - lymphocytes (T- cells)

Natural Killer (NK) cells

383
Q

What is the functional unit if the kidney?

A

Nephron

384
Q

What is pseudopregnancy?

A

False pregnancy

385
Q

Name 4 glands of the skin

A
  1. Sebaceous glands
  2. Sweat glands
  3. Tail Glands
  4. Anal Sacs
387
Q

What’s internal respiration?

A

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood in the capillaries all over the body and all of the cells and tissues

388
Q

What is active immunity

A

Activation of the immune system by administration of a vaccine that contains a modified antigen or exposure to the antigen.

389
Q

In what cardiac cycle does the heart relax and refill with blood to be ejected during the next systolic contraction?

A

Diastole

390
Q

The chordae tendineae connect to the _______ muscles

A

Papillary

392
Q

Erythropoietin is a hormone made by the kindeys. What does this have to do with RBCs?

A

Erythropoietin stimulates bone marrow to increase the relase of RBCs

393
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Balance within the body

395
Q

Which is the first antibody that is produced when an animal is exposed to an antigen?

A

IgM

397
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

Plasma is whole blood without cells. Serum is whole blood without the cells and clotting elements.

(Or Plasma without the clotting factors.)

399
Q

what is transduction?

A

the first step in nociception.

The conversion of a painful stimulus to a nerve impulse that happens at the sensory nerve ending.

400
Q

What type of muscle is NOT striated?

A

Smooth muscle

401
Q

True or False: Both T cells & B cells can become memory cells.

A

True

402
Q

Where is GALT located?

A

the lining of the intestine

403
Q

Two other names for the pituitary gland

A

1.) Hypophysis 2.) master endocrine gland

404
Q

The three layers of skin

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Hypodermis
406
Q

Cell type involved in humoral immune response

A

B cells that transform into plasma cells after antigen stimulation

407
Q

When would an eosinophil be present and why?

A

At the site of an allergic reaction, their granules contain anti-inflammatory properties.

408
Q

what lymphoid organ is full size at birth. then gets smaller with age

A

Thymus

409
Q

List the 4 parts of a nephron in order.

A

Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and a distal convoluted tubule.

411
Q

T- Lymphocytes are produced in the __ and mature in the ___.

A

Bone Marrow and Thymus

413
Q

In order from outside in, the main structures of the lower respiratory tract are

A

Bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

414
Q

What is the order of blood flow?

A

Vena cava

Right Atrium

Tricuspid valve

Right ventricle

Pulmonary valve

Pulmonary artery

Lungs

Pulmonary vein

Left atrium

Mitral valve

left ventricle

aortic valve

aorta

Systemic circulation

416
Q

What hormone affects moods and wake-sleep cycle

A

Melatonin

417
Q

What is the process by which ova are produced in follicles in the ovaries called?

A

Oogenesis

419
Q

2 normal physiological states of hemoglobin

A

Oxyhemoglobin and Deoxyhemoglobin

420
Q

What is urolithiasis?

A

The presence of urinary stones

421
Q

What can an overdose of insulin cause?

A

Hypoglycemia

422
Q

What white blood cell is this?

A

Eosinophil

424
Q

Which muscle has little or no attachment to bones?

A

cutaneous muscle

425
Q

What is a dilated esophagus called?

A

megaesophagus

427
Q

What is the sense of body position and movement called?

A

Proprioception

429
Q

What do lymphocytes produce?

A

Antibodies

431
Q

What is the action of the skeletal muscle

A

To move the bones, and generate heat

432
Q

On the way to the thoracic duct, lymph vessels pass through at least one lymph node and pick up what?

A

Lymphocytes

433
Q

Muscles that contract without the need for external stimulation

A

cardiac and smooth

434
Q

From outside in name the main structures of the lower respiratory tract

A

Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveoli

435
Q

Homeostasis

A

Normal state of the body -composition of body tissue fluid is maintained as constant as possible.

BODY LIKE SAME : )

436
Q

Which Cranial nerves are motor nerves

A

CN III-Oculomotor

CN IV-Trochlear

CN VI-Abducent

CN XI-Accessory

CN XII-Hypoglossal

437
Q

What is the purpose of the intercalated disks?

A

They securely fasten the muscle cells together and transmit impulses from cell to cell in order to contract.

438
Q

What 2 factors control cardiac output?

A

Stroke Volume and Heart Rate

439
Q

What are lymphokines?

A

Chemical messengers secreted by T cells - also called cytokines

440
Q

What are the lacrimal glands responsible for.

A

Tear production

441
Q

The 4 types of tissue

A

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

443
Q

What’s external respiration?

A

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air inhaled into the lungs and the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries.

444
Q

the mitral valve separates what 2 chambers of the heart

A

left atrium and the left ventricle

445
Q

What sphincter seperates the stomach from the small intestine?

A

Pylorus (pyloric sphincter)

446
Q

Where are keratinocytes found?

A

Stratum Basale

447
Q

where does internal respiration take place

A

in the cells and tissuse of the body

448
Q

Which antibody arrives after IgM but stays at the site longer?

A

IgG

449
Q

What are the milk secreting units of the mammory gland?

A

alveoli

450
Q

Instrument that is used to measure electrical activity of the heart

A

Electrocardiogram

451
Q

what are the 3 layers of hair

A

outer layer- cuticle

middle layer - cortex

intermost layer - medulla

452
Q

What does the mouth do?

A
  1. Receives food and mixes it with saliva during mastication.
  2. Bolus is formed.
453
Q

What is often reffered to as the master endocrine gland?

A

The pituitary gland

454
Q

What is the seventh extraocular muscle?

A

The retractor bulbi muscle

455
Q

What are the 3 main functions of blood

A

Transportation, Regulation, & Defense

456
Q

What are the stages of the estrous cycle?

A

Proestrus Estrus Metestrus Diestrus Anestrus ( occurs in some animals between breeding seasons )

457
Q

T or F Sertoli cell is also called a nurse cell?

A

True.

458
Q

What does the cerebellum allows the body to do?

A

coordinated movement, balance, posture and complex reflexes

459
Q

What makes up 93% of plasma?

A

Water

461
Q

T or F skeletal muscle is voluntary

A

True

462
Q

What is the purpose of hemoglobin?

A

Transport oxygen to tissues..

463
Q

What waterproofs the skin and gives it strength?

A

Keratinocytes

464
Q

The part of the hair that is visible above the skin is called the ________, and the portion of the buried within the skin is called the _______.

A

Shaft & Root

465
Q

What are the 3 types of cellular junctions found between epithelial cells?

A
  1. Tight junction
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Gap Junctions
466
Q

The 2 types of specific immunity

A

cell-mediated immunnity and humoral immunity

467
Q

What are 3 charateristics important to the control of the breathing process?

A

CO2 content, pH and O2 content of arterial blood

468
Q

What does unsaturated fatty acids include?

A

monounsaturated and polyunsturated fats

469
Q

What are the 2 parts of the renal corpuscle?

A

outer - bowmans capsule , inner - glomerulus

470
Q

what type of cells are memory cells

A

T cells

B cells

471
Q

Anuria

A

No urine is being passed from the body

472
Q

What does the blood transport?

A

Oxygen

Nutrients

Waste

Hormones

473
Q

What function do otoliths have?

A

They help the macula determine the position of the head.

474
Q

Term used for aging cells

A

Senescence

475
Q

What 3 groups of hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoid hormones

Mineralocorticoid hormones

Sex hormones

476
Q

Another term for the sense of taste.

A

Gustatory Sense

477
Q

What are the three main activities of the nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory Functions
  2. Integrating Functions
  3. Motor Functions
478
Q

Normal Canine RR

A

10-30

479
Q

Axons conduct nerve impulses ______ from the cell body toward another neuron or an _________.

A

away, effector cell

480
Q

What seperates the left and right ventricles?

A

Interventricular septum

481
Q

What is fight-or-flight?

A

A whole-body response resulting from a animal feeling threatened that prepares the body for intense physical activity. It results from a combination of direct sympathetic nerve stimulation and the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream from the medulla of the adrenal gland. effects the body include increased heart rate and out put, increase blood pressure, dilated air passageways in the lungs, and decreased gastrointestinal function.

482
Q

What are the contractions that move food along the digestive tract called?

A

Peristalsis (peristaltic contractions)

483
Q

What does red pulp consist of?

A

Blood vessels, tissue macrophages, and blood storage spaces (sinuses)

484
Q

true or false

only dogs have an os penis

A

false

Anatomy & Physiology (15 decks)

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