Final Review Flashcards
Micheal has been playing volleyball and has been diagnosed with a rotator cuff injury. Which muscles make up the rotator cuff? What specific movements might be affected if these muscles have an injury?
S.I.T.S Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Major Subscapularis
- will affect abduction, medial rotation, and lateral rotation
What three muscles are involved in the flexion movement at the elbow joint.
Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, brachioradialis.
This is a small axial muscle that does the following actions: anteriorly and laterally flexes, adducts and internally rotates the humerus.
pectoralis major
The muscles of the forearm that cross the wrist and have tendons that are held in place by the flexor retinaculum. which muscle is not covered by this retinaculum and will stick up in the creases of the wrist when you touch your middle finger to your thumb and slightly flex your wrist?
Palmaris Longus
Which four muscles make up the quadriceps?
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis
Which 3 muscles make up the hamstring
biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
Which muscle of the quadriceps has the ability to produce flexion at the hip and extension of the knee?
Rectus Femoris
What is the common name for the region where we find the gastrocnemius muscle?
Calf
The deepest muscle of the group we commonly call the glutes?
gluteus minimus
A hockey player has just started skating after a long layoff, following a practice they find that they are having pain in the area we commonly call the groin. Which muscle is likely affected by this injury?
Gracillis
A runner is finding that they have pain on the anterior shin of the lower limb and they are having discomfort when they pull the foot up towards their head (dorsiflexion). Which muscle is likely affected?
tibialis anterior
List and describe the functions of blood?
- Transportation - carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and heat.
- regulation - helps maintain pH via buffers, body temperatures, via properties of water in plasma and water balance via osmotic pressure creates by plasma proteins
- protection - via clotting, antibodies, phagocytes, and complement
What is the normal pH range for blood?
7.35 - 7.45
Where is the site of blood cell formation?
Redbone marrow
When the blood is fully oxygenated it tends to have what colour?
Bright red
These blood cells are specialized for transport, contain hemoglobin, binds O2 and CO2?
erythrocytes
How much blood plasma is water (in most resting situations)?
91%
A condition where there are insufficient red blood cells, which will lead to a decrease in oxygen transport for energy production and this could lead to early fatigue?
Anemia
A laboratory assessment of hematocrit blood measures:
percentage of RBC’s packed in blood
What is the name for the mass of tissue from the sternum to the vertebral column between the lungs?
Mediastinum
To which side of the body is the apex of the heart pointed?
to the left
Which of the heart wall layers consists of cardiac muscle tissue?
Myocardium
This is an external feature on the heart that increases the capacity of the atria
Auricles
This is an external feature that marks the boundary between the right and left ventricles
anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus
through which structure does blood pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
in a fetus, this is an opening that shunts blood from the right atria to the left atria
foramen ovale
Which of the below valves prevents blood from flowing back from the lungs to the heart?
pulmonary valve
What vessel distributes oxygenated blood to the myocardium?
right and left coronary artery
What is the difference between the structure of an artery and a vein
- arteries have more smooth muscle and are rounder in shape. arteries have walls that will stretch and expand in response to the pressure when the heart contracts without tearing. Veins are partially collapsed, have less elastic fibres, the tunica externa is the thickest layer and veins have valves
What is the blood vessel that conveys blood from the tissues back to the heart?
Veins
Which artery wall is responsible for vasoconstriction?
Tunica Media
Elastic Arteries functions as a:
pressure reservoir
These vessels make up the largest blood reservoir
Veins and Venules
Capillaries are also known as
exchange vessels
The alternate route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis is called
collateral circulation
name the vein of systemic circulation that drains the upper part of the body?
superior vena cava
The pulmonary trunk divides into:
right and left pulmonary arteries
In fetal circulation what is the opening between the right and left atria called
foramen ovale
In which of the blood vessels do we find a pulse point at the anterior wrist
radial artery
which of the vessels supplies blood to the intestines?
mesenteric artery
which of the blood vessels supplies blood to the kidney?
renal artery
which of the blood vessels drains blood from the lower leg?
tibial vein
Which of the blood vessels drains blood from the head and neck?
Jugular Vein
What do the following have in common: superficial temporal artery, brachial artery, and dorsal artery of the foot?
they are all pulse points
An arterial trunk that has three branches that serves the liver, the spleen, and the stomach is…
celiac trunk
What is the artery that splits to become the radial and ulnar artery?
Brachial
A vein that is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac vein?
the common iliac
What is the longest superficial vein of the body, found in the leg?
The great saphenous
Inferior mesenteric, superior mesenteric and ___ are the three veins that form/empty into the hepatic portal vein
Gastric
The paired internal carotid and the paired ____ arteries bring blood to the brain
vertebral
Which of the following is not part of the upper respiratory system
Trachea
The nose connects with the pharynx through the:
choanae
This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea
epiglottis
this is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi
Trachea
The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called
Carina
Which of the three spinal meninges is the most superficial?
The dura mater
What contains cerebrospinal fluid?
the subarachnoid space
Which layer is found to surround the entire spinal nerve?
Epineurium
Intercostal nerves
directly connect to the structure they supply
A man presents with median nerve palsy in his left hand. What is the most likely site of his injury?
Brachial Plexus
These white matter tracts of the spinal cord are used to carry ascending information to the central nervous system?
Sensory tracts
The name of the nerve that innervates the adductor muscles of the thigh?
Obturator
This nerve stimulates the posterior area of the arm and innervates the triceps, anconeus, and many of the extender muscles of the forearm
the radial nerve
If someone has a cervical injury below this level of the spinal cord, they will be able to breathe.
C3 - C5
Name and describe the locations of the four major plexuses of spinal nerves. Name a major nerve arising from each plexus
- Cervical - alongside C through C4; major nerve: Phrenic nerve
- Brachial - inferior and lateral to C4 through T1 and superior to the rib, posterior to the clavicle; major nerve: axillary, ulnar, radial, median.
- Lumbar: Lateral to L1 through L4 passing obliquely posterior to the psoas major and anterior to quadratus lumborum; major nerve: femoral
- Sacral - L4 - S3, anterior to sacrum. Major Nerve: Sciatic nerve
