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BIOL189 > Final Part 3 > Flashcards

Final Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of interactions of living organisms with each other and with their environment

A

Ecology

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2
Q

What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest?

A 
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
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3
Q

Define community:

A

A collection of the populations of all species that inhabit a specific geographical area

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4
Q

Define ecosystem:

A

A community of organisms and their physical environment

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5
Q

Define biome:

A

A large area characterized by a particular climate & vegetation

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6
Q

Define biosphere:

A

Interactive collection of all of earths ecosystems

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7
Q

How population size changes over time

A

Population Dynamics

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8
Q

Difference of arithmetic and exponential growth:

A

Arithmetic growth is linear meaning that it has a very slow growth.
Exponential is usually curved upwards, meaning it has a much faster population growth

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9
Q

What is intrinsic growth rate?

A

It is calculated by subtracting the birth rate from the death rate

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10
Q

A positive intrinsic growth rate means:

A

Population grows over time

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11
Q

A negative intrinsic growth rate means:

A

A population shrinks over time

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12
Q

How can environmental resistance impact exponential growth?

A

It causes exponential growth to eventually level off in the real world

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13
Q

What are some real-life examples of environmental resistance?

A

Depletion of food resources
Greater # of predators
Toxic accumulation of waste

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14
Q

How does carrying capacity (K) reflect environmental resistance?

A

It reflects it by showing where the environmental resistant force(s) lead the population to stop growing/stabilizing growth rate

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15
Q

Type II survivorship species:

A

Constant-loss species (birds)

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16
Q

Type III survivorship species:

A

r-selected species (flies, insects) early loss species

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17
Q

Type II survivorship species:

A

K-selected species (elephants, bears) late-loss species

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18
Q

Few species that numerically dominate many communities

A

Ecological dominants

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19
Q

What is an example of an ecological dominant?

A

Plants

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20
Q

A species that are not numerous or ecologically dominant, but if removed, drastically affect the community.

A

Keystone species

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21
Q

What is an example of a keystone species?

A

Gophers, starfish, humming birds, sharks, lions, bears (apex)

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22
Q

What can happen to a community if a keystone species is “removed”?

A

Other species can start to die off because a species that was originally eaten by the keystone species will begin to overpopulate and eat other species

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23
Q

What kinds of biodiversity are there?

A

Species
Geographic
Genetic

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24
Q

Outside species that enters and rapidly takes over a community (selective advantage)

A

Invasive species

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25
Q

What are the roll of invasive species?

A

Once adapted to environment, they can decrease biodiversity by killing of species

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26
Q

What are some examples of invasive species?

A

Rabbits, snakes, mussels

27
Q

The type of physical surrounding that a species inhabits

A

Habitat

28
Q

Give some examples of a habitiat for species?

A

Lions live in grassy lands
Monkeys usually live in tree
Penguins live on glaciers

29
Q

What is habitat fragmentation?

A

The breaking up of an organism’s habitat into smaller, separate habitats

30
Q

Habitat fragmentation can lead to:

A

Allopatric speciation

31
Q

Organism’s specialization includes habitat, feeding habits, and other behaviors (their job)

A

Ecological niche

32
Q

The entire geographical area in which a species can be found

A

Range

33
Q

Interspecific competition:

A

Competitve exclusion: takes over a whole thing, killing off the other population
Resource partitioning: sharing resources for the most part

34
Q

A predator feeds on another organism, killing it in the process

Give example

A

Predation

Shark eating a seal

35
Q

One species uses another to its advantage and harms it in the process

Give an example

A

Parasitism

Wasp eggs on hormworm
Lamprey on fish

36
Q

Prey/host evolves a mechanism for evading/fending off predator/parasite

A

Evolutionary arms race

37
Q

A species developed the ability to look like another either for defensive or offensive purposes

A

Biological mimicry

Frogfish lures in prey with bait worm
Batesian (faking it=moth bee)

38
Q

Occurs when species that have some protection against predators resemble one another

A

Mullerian mimicry

39
Q

Species interact for the benefit of both

example

A

Mutualism

Oxpeckers on rhinos
Randall’s shrimp and flag talil fish

40
Q

A mutualistic relationship when one organism lives entirely within the other

A

Endosymbiont

41
Q

One organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed

A

Commensalism
Anemone fish in anemones
Cattle egrets and cattle

42
Q

One organism impedes or restricts the success of another without affecting itself

A

Amensalism

Cows scraping grass out

43
Q

Species interact but neither is harmed or helped (hard to prove)

A

Neutralism

44
Q

Two or more species evolving together as a result of their interaction

A

Coevolution

Murex & crab

45
Q

Action of earlier species helps later species take over

A

Facilitation

46
Q

Ecological Succession: Primary

A

There are pioneer organisms: photosynthetic, r-selected

They increase biomass and biodiversity (competitive exclusion)

47
Q

Ecological Succession Secondary:

A

Plants need nitrogen, so dryas shrubs “fix” nitrogen
Then when the dryas die, they increase the nitrogen levels in soil= Alder bushes
Alder bushes have acidic leaves= decrease in soil pH= replace alder bushes with spruce

48
Q

What is left behind from previous conditions following major ecological disturbance

A

Biological legacy

49
Q

Describe ecosystem:

A

A community of organisms and their physical environment including biotic and abiotic materials

50
Q

The interactive collection of all the Earth’s ecosystems

A

Biosphere

51
Q

Example of biotic

A

Living Organisms

52
Q

Example of Abiotic:

A

Rocks, water, soil, climate

53
Q

Why is photosynthesis and cellular respiration important in the carbon cycle?

A

Photosynthesis is the only way to take CO2 out of the atmosphere

54
Q

What does atmospheric nitrogen (N2) undergo and produce?

A

It undergos nitrogen fixation by nitrogen-fixing bacteria to produce ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+)

55
Q

Ammonium (NH4+) can be converted into what? And who can use this?

A

Nitrate (NO3-)

Can be used by plants

56
Q

How did humans work their way around getting more nitrogen?

A

The ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate & ammonium via industrial process= fertilizer
Increased agricultural yield

57
Q

What is the problem with fertilizer?

A

Large amount of fertilizer ends up in rivers which deliver it to the ocean, which cause the algae to go CRAZY. When going crazy, they kill off marine life by using up all the O2.

58
Q

Organisms that get their energy by consuming primary producers are

A

Consumers

59
Q

A very large ecosystem characterized by a particular climate & vegetation

A

Biome

60
Q

Amount of sunlight per square foot an area receives (intensity of sunlight)

A

Insolation

61
Q

What is climate change referred to now?

A

Observed increase in global temperatures

62
Q

What are some natural climate change mechanisms?

A

Slight variations in axial tilt
The sun’s output
Large volcanic eruptions

63
Q

Antropogenic climate change:

A

Burning trees/breaking down forests
Burning fossil fuels
Methane gas

64
Q

What are the main contributors to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels in burning of fossil fuels?

A

CAR FUELS
Industrial processes
Power stations
Agricultural byproducts

BIOL189 (8 decks)

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