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BIOL189 > Exam 4- Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 4- Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A form of life in which individual cells form stable associations with one another but do not take on specialized roles

A

Colonial (basic) multicellularity

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2
Q

A form of life in which individual cells exist in stable groups, with different cells in a group specializing in different functions

A

True multicellularity

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3
Q

Example of a colonial multicellularity.

A

Golden algae

Syrnura flagella

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4
Q

Example of true mutilcellularity.

A

Volvox (green algae)

Human nerve & muscle cells

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5
Q

What comprises photosynthesizing protists?

A

Algae

Phytoplankton

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6
Q

What comprises heterotrophic protists?

A

Paramecium (cilia

Amoeba

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7
Q

Photosyntehsizing vs. Heterotrophic Protists

A

Photosynthetic protists get their food form photosynthesis. Water based. Evolved from symbiosis between eukaryotic cell and photosynthetic bacteria

Heterotrophic Protist: eat other organisms of organic matter

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8
Q

How do slime molds relate to the evolution of multicellularity?

A

They exist as unicellular organism if food is abundant.
Can move and learn
- Move faster in humid air, slower in dry air
You can train it to expect dry air pulse

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9
Q

All plants carry out _______________ but not all ________________ __________ are plants

A

Photosynthesis

Photosynthetic Organisms

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10
Q

Characteristics of plants:

A 
Have a cell wall made out of cellulose
Contain the organelle: Chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis
Mostly land dwelling
Sessile (dont move)
Alteration of generations
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11
Q

What is alteration of generations?

A

The cycle of plants producing sporophyte and gametophyte genrations

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12
Q

Type of plant lacking a true vascular system. Need water to reproduce so they stay close to the ground.

A

Bryophyte

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13
Q

What type of environments do bryophytes dwell in?

A

Moist environments

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14
Q

Example of a bryophyte:

A

Moss

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15
Q

Plants that have a vascular system but that do not produce seeds as a part of reproduction, so they stay near water. Grow tall.

A

Seedless Vascular plants

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16
Q

Example of seedless vascular plant:

A

Fern

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17
Q

A seed plant whose seeds are not surrounded by fruit. First seeded plant.

A

Gymnosperms

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18
Q

Example of a gymnosperm:

A

Fern

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19
Q

Where are the seeds contained in a gymnosperm? And how does the sperm get there?

A

Seeds are usually contained in pinecones. Male cone produces pollen that is taken by the wind to fertilize female cone with seed.

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20
Q

Its seeds are surrounded by the tissue called fruit. First flowering plant. “Vessel Seed”

A

Angiosperms

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21
Q

How are angiosperms the most dominant plant on earth?

A

They are able to use the wind and animals to help them reproduce. Symbiotic relationship

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22
Q

Example of angiosperm:

A

Rose
Lilly
Corn plant
Cactus

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23
Q

What do angiosperm seeds contain?

A 
Endosperm
Seed coat (bran)
Embryo (wheat germ)
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24
Q

How can fruit be used as an additional mechanism for spreading seeds?

A

Fruit is digested by an animal, which then excretes the seeds that is fully fertilized by the animal

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25
Q

What are three ways plants sense and respond to the environment?

A

Gravitropism
Phototropism
Thigmotropism

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26
Q

The curvature of shoots in response to light.

A

Phototropism

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27
Q

How does phototropism work?

A

Uses the hormone IAA to clutter to one side, to elongate/lengthen the shoot to help it curve towards the light

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28
Q

Meaning a bending of a plant’s shoot or root in response to gravity.

A

Gravitropism (sensing= sedimentation- amylosplasts)

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29
Q

The growth of a plant in response to touch.

A

Thigmotropism

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30
Q

When angiosperms lose their leaves in cold climate, they are referred to as:

A

Deciduous plants

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31
Q

Why do plants lose their leaves?

A

Potential source for water loss

Will die from cold

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32
Q

The ability of a plant to sense how long the day is relative to the night

A

Photoperiodism

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33
Q

The state in which growth is suspended and metabolic activity is low

A

Dormancy

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34
Q

Single organism, whose trunks are connected by the same root system and are all genetically identical

A

Clonal organisms

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35
Q

What are some characteristics of animals?

A 
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Motile
Lack cell walls
Symmetry
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36
Q

A symmetry where body parts are distributed evenly around a central point.

A

Radial symmetry

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37
Q

Give an example of radial symmetry:

A

Jelly fish

Starfish

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38
Q

No equal parts or sides.

A

Asymmetry (sponge)

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39
Q

Bodily symmetry in which opposite sides of a sagittal plane are mirror images of one another.

A

Bilateral symmetry

40
Q

Why is having a coelom advantageous?

A

It allows stomach and other internal organs to expand and contract when needed.
Allows reproductive system to make room for offspring
Allows greater flexibility

41
Q

What members to not have a coelem?

A

Sponges
Cnidarians
Platyhelminthes

42
Q

The repetition of body parts in an animal

A

Body segmentation

43
Q

What does body segmentation do for an organism?

A

Allows greater strength and flexibillity

44
Q

What is the main difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?

A 
Vertebrates= spinal chord
Invertebrates= lack spinal chord
45
Q

Vertebrates are generally:

A

Largest and most advanced of animals

46
Q

Maintain constant body temperature regardless of ambient conditions.

A

Warm-blooded

47
Q

Give an example of cold-blooded animals.

A

Reptiles, amphibians, fish

48
Q

Internal body temperature varies with conditions.

A

Cold-blooded

49
Q

Give an example of warm-blooded animals.

A

Mammals & birds

50
Q

A form of asexual reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into an adult organism.

A

Pathenogenesis (bees & lizards)

51
Q

Reproduction occurs by means of fertilized eggs developing inside the mother’s body. What species make up most of them?

A

Viviparous

Mammals (not playtpus)

52
Q

Reproduction occurs by means of the young developing in fertilized eggs that are laid outside the mother’s body.What species make up most of them?

A

Oviparous

Most animals

53
Q

What are some characteristics of fungi?

A 
Mostly sessile
Heterotrophs
Closely related to animals
Generally multicellular (not yeast)
They digest before they ingest
Can produce sexually & asexually
54
Q

Out of the 8 characteristics of all living organisms, what 4 do viruses fulfill?

A

Viruses ARE:
New organisms that arise from older organisms (reproduction)
Inherit characteristics from previous generations (genetics)
Adapt to their environment (Evolution)
Are highly organized and complex compared to inanimate objects

55
Q

What 4 characteristics do viruses not fulfill?

A

Viruses ARE NOT:
Made up of cells (cellularity)
Assimilate energy from nutrients (metabolism)
Respond to environmental stimuli (irritability)
Maintain relatively constant internal environment

56
Q

Describe a virus:

A 
Extremely small
Non-cellular
Completely dependent 
Contain DNA & RNA
Slimy liquid poison
57
Q

What does obligate intracellular parasite stand for?

A

They have to
Get into the Cell
Use what’s inside the cell

58
Q

How are viruses and hosts linked?

A

The host has to be a cell the virus can enter AND replicate in
Host range can be narrow or wide

59
Q

What are the three hypotheses on the origin of viruses?

A

Progressive
Regressive
Virus First

60
Q

Explain the progressive hypothesis of viruses:

A 
Escape or vagrancy
- Genetic elements gained ability to move between cells
- Retrovirus mirrors retrotransposon
- Viral-like transposons
= Pieces in genome can hop around
61
Q

Explain the progressive hyporthesis of viruses:

A

Reduction
- Remnants of cellular organisms
- Orignially symbiotic, then turned parasitic
- Mimivirus: putative genes associated with translation
= Used to be a cell-based organism

62
Q

Explain the virus first hypothesis:

A
  • Viruses predate or coevolved with current cellular hosts
  • Self-replicating units
  • Complexity leads to cells
63
Q

What are viruses made out of?

A

Nucleic acid= genome

Proteins

64
Q

What is the primary purpose for the capsid of a virus?

A

Protect the genome

65
Q

The Parvovirus:

A

Small
4 main proteins
Linear
Affects dogs

66
Q

The Pandoravirus:

A

Large
Has about 2500 proteins
Linear
Affects amoeba

67
Q

What are a viruses 3 common functions? (obligate intracellular parasite)

A
  1. ) Replication of viral copies of blueprint
  2. ) Packaging of viral genome into virions
  3. ) Alter structure/function of cell
68
Q

What are some virus transmission routes?

A 
Sneezing/coughing
Direct contact
Fecal/oral route
Intravenous route (needle)
Mother to child
Bodily fluids
Insects
69
Q

Describe bacteria:

A 
Single-celled organism
No nucleus (DNA is free-floating)
Reproduce asexually (binary fission)
70
Q

What is biofilm?

A

Thin slimy layer of bacteria that adheres to a surface

71
Q

How is biofilm formed?

A

Bacterial cells begin to settle onto a surface
Cells divide and then secrete a slimy substance
Organisms can then attach to it

72
Q

What is a bacterial cell wall made out of?

A

Carb called peptidoglycan

73
Q

A gram positive cell wall refers to:

While a Gram negative cell wall refers to:

A

Thick

Thin

74
Q

Under unfavorable conditions, some bacteria enter a dormant state:

A

Spore

75
Q

What is a spores purpose:

A

Keep blueprint safe until environment gets better (super resistant)

76
Q

How does bacteria produce?

A

Binary fission

77
Q

Explain binary fission:

A

DNA replication
Chromosome segmentation
Cytokinesis (reform cell membrane & cell wall)
Produces haploid

78
Q

In bacterial growth, what phase are resources depleting, # of cell divisions=cell deaths

A

Stationary phase

79
Q

In bacterial growth, what phase is when bacteria has adapted to new environment, grow exponentially

A

Exponential phase (log)

80
Q

In bacterial growth, what phase is it when the bacteria is adapting to their new environment, grow slowly

A

Lag phase

81
Q

In bacterial growth, which phase are resources completely depleted, population is dying

A

Death phase

82
Q

The ability for bacteria to uptake exogenous genetic material and incorporate it as plasmids

A

Transforamtion

83
Q

The process by which genetic material can be transferred from one bacteria to another via a virus

A

Transduction

84
Q

Direct exchange of genetic material via the pili, usually exchanging the plasmids

A

Conjugation

85
Q

The horizontal gene transfer refers to:

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

86
Q

Interactions occur when both the bacteria and the host benefit from the interaction

A

Mutualistic or Symbiotic

87
Q

Gut flora is considered mutualistic because:

A

It benefits us by helping us be able to break down undigested carbs, synthsize vitamins, metabolize bile
We benefit the gut flora by giving them somewhere to live and produce

88
Q

How can antibiotic resistance develop in a bacterial population?

A

Since bacteria can spread quickly, if one bacterium in a population develops a mutation that grants it resistance from the antibiotic, it will soon repopulate itself= artificial selection

89
Q

Organisms (archae) that grow optimally in one or more conditions that would kill most other organisms

A

Extremeophiles

90
Q

These are microbes that live in environments so salty that few other types of organisms can survive in them. (Salt lake, dead sea)

A

Halophiles

91
Q

These are microbes that either can live without oxygen or that actually are poisoned by it and thus can only live in oxygen-free environments.

A

Anaerobes

92
Q

These are microbes that make their homes in extremely hot environments.

A

Thermophiles

93
Q

These microbes can survive in environments where the pH level is less than 3

A

Acidophiles

94
Q

These microbes can survive in extremely low temperatures.

A

Cryophiles

95
Q

These microbes can survive in a pH environment above 7

A

Alkaiphiles

BIOL189 (8 decks)

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