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BIOL189 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A thin lipid envelope that holds the cell together

A

Plasma membrane

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2
Q

What are the four primary components in the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Proteins
Glycocalyx

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3
Q

What is the main component of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids

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4
Q

Hydrophilic heads have a ________ charge, while hydrophobic tails have a __________ charge.

A

Polar

Nonpolar

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5
Q

Why do testosterone and estrogen pass through the plasma membrane freely?

A

They are nonpolar and hydrophobic

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6
Q

What does the cholesterol is the cell membrane help do?

A

Maintains plasma membrane fluidity (prevents it from solidifying or liquefying)

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7
Q

What four roles do plasma membrane proteins exhibit?

A

Structure
Transportation
Communication
Recognition

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8
Q

How do integral and peripheral proteins differ?

A

Integral proteins are all the way through the plasma membrane, while peripheral proteins don’t go all the way through

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9
Q

How do recognition proteins work?

A

They recognize whether a protein is “normal” or “infected”

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10
Q

How does the communication protein work?

A

It can send signals into the cell, telling it what it needs to do or produce

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11
Q

What does the glycocalyx do?

A

Helps lubricate cell surface and attach to other surfaces when needed

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12
Q

The amount of solute per volume of solvent.

A

Concentration

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13
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules or ions from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration

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14
Q

Does diffusion require energy?

A

No

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15
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of free WATER molecules across a selectively permeable membrane (they want to go where the party is at)

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16
Q

What is the movement of water influenced by?

A

Solutes

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17
Q

What does a hypertonic environment mean?

A

The concentration of a solute is higher outside of the the cell than inside

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18
Q

What does an isotonic environment mean?

A

The concentration of the solute is the same inside and outside of a cell

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19
Q

What does a hypotonic environment mean?

A

The concentration of a solute is greater inside of the cell than outside of the cell

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20
Q

What type of plant structure does a hypotonic plant cell form?

A

Turgid

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21
Q

What type of plant structure does an isotonic plant cell form?

A

Flaccid

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22
Q

What type of plant structure does a hypertonic plant cell form?

A

Plasmolyzed

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23
Q

Another word for the bursting of a cell.

A

Lysis

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24
Q

Another word for a dehydrated cell shriveling.

A

Crenation

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25
What are the three modes of molecular transport in a cell?
Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport
26
This process requires no energy and allows small nonpolar molecules to move in and out of a cell.
Simple diffusion (oxygen, carbon dioxide)
27
This process requires no energy and involves moving large polar molecules in & out via protein channels.
Facilitated diffusion (gated channels)
28
This process requires energy and involves transporting molecules against the concentration gradient
Active transport
29
What is active transport used for?
Maintain electrolyte balance
30
What electrolyte balance do our cells need to maintain?
High potassium (K+) and low sodium (Na+) inside of the cell
31
The transportation of large molecules or large quantitites of molecules involve what two processes
Endocytosis | Exocytosis
32
Define energy:
The ability to act against an opposing force
33
Stored energy
Potential energy
34
Energy in motion
Kinetic energy
35
What is the study of energy?
Thermodynamics
36
What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
37
What is entropy?
The measure of the amount of "disorder" in a given system (randomness)
38
As temperature increases, what happens to entropy?
It increases
39
When a solute is added to a pure solvent, what happens to entropy?
Increases
40
What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state?
The release of energy will result in a greater amount of disorder
41
What percentage of energy stored as glucose is being used in a cell?
37%
42
When energy is wasted, what does it get stored as?
Heat
43
What is the symbol for free energy?
Delta G
44
What is free energy?
The portion of a system's energy that is able to perform work when temperature is uniform thru out the system
45
What does delta G stand for?
Gibbs Free Energy
46
How do you calculate delta G?
Final state - starting state = delta G
47
^G
Energy is being released (catabolic, exergonic)
48
^G > 0
Energy is consumed (anabolic, endergonic)
49
What are coupled reactions?
When endergonic & exergonic reactions occur together
50
Where does the energy that powers endergonic reactions come from?
ATP
51
How are the bonds between phosphate groups broken down?
Hydrolysis
52
These accelerate (catalyze) chemical reactions.
Enzymes
53
The molecules that the enzyme acts on.
Substrate
54
A site on the enzyme where the substrate binds.
Active site
55
The enzyme changes shape so it can bind the substrate tighter.
Induced fit
56
A set of connected reactions.
Metabolic pathways
57
What is activation energy?
Energy to get the reaction going
58
What to competitive inhibitors do?
Compete to get to the active site. These slow down enzyme activity.
59
What does allosteric regulation do?
Product of reaction binds to different locations on enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape
60
What is cellular respiration?
Storing energy from food into ATP
61
Sugars VS lipids, which are better at storing energy?
Lipids
62
Oxidation is:
Loss of electrons
63
Reduction is:
Gain of electrons
64
OIL RIG
Oxidation Is Loss | Reduction Is Gain
65
The process where electrons (e-) from high energy molecules are transferred to low energy molecules
Electron transfer
66
What do coenzymes do?
Carry out the electron transfer process
67
Relatively, how much ATP is produced from one glucose molecule?
36 ATP: 2 Glycolysis 2 Krebs Cycle 32 Electron Transport Chain
68
Where do the three processes of cellular respiration occur?
Glycolysis: cystol Krebs cycle: mitochondria ETC: mitochondria
69
What is another word for the process "glycolysis"?
Sugar-splitting
70
Pyruvic acids comines with CoEnzyme A to form:
Acetyl CoA (twice)
71
Pyruvate oxidation:
Producing Acetyl CoA
72
What part of the membrane does the Krebs cycle take place?
Inner compartment of membrane
73
How many molecules are oxidized in the Krebs cycle?
4 (8 all together)
74
How many enzymes work in the ETC?
5 Enzymes (3 large and 2 small mobile)
75
What do the electrons do in the ETC?
Release energy to help pump hydrogen ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria against their concentration gradient
76
What process does ATP synthase do?
Facilitated diffusion
77
What does the passage of hydrogen ions in the ATP synthase cause it to do?
Spin rapidly
78
Why is oxygen so important in the ETC?
It combines with the used electron and a hydrogen ion to form H2O (waste)
79
Endergonic VS exergonic- What are most cellular activities?
Endergonic
80
To the point, how is ATP synthesized?
Using the energy obtained from food
81
Their energy comes from food obtained by eating other organisms.
Heterotrophs
82
Synthesizes their own food, which is then used to synthesize ATP in respiration.
Autotrophs
83
Earliest evolutionary innovation.
Photosynthesis
84
How do photosynthesis and cell respiration complement each other?
The byproduct for one are the ingredients for the other
85
In photosynthesis, each molecule is ________ energetic than its predecessor.
More (energetically uphill)
86
What cell does most photosynthesis take place in?
Mesophyll
87
What organelles specialize in photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
88
Where do the light reactions (part I) of photosynthesis take place?
Thylakoid membrane
89
Where does the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis take place?
Stroma
90
What are accessory pigments?
Chlorophyll break down you see in leaves in the fall
91
An organized complex of molecules within the thylakoid membrane that, in photosynthesis, collects solar energy and transforms it into chemical energy.
Photosystem
92
What happens to the chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction center?
They become oxidized
93
Where do the electron energy used from going to PSII and PSI go?
Used to synthesize ATP molecules to use in the Calvin Cycle
94
What controls the concentration gradient in the thylakoid?
The membrane
95
What are the three stages of the Calvin Cycle?
1st- Need to make carbon dioxide 2nd- Reduction 3rd- Regeneration of RuBP from G3P
96
Set of steps in photosynthesis in which energetic electrons are brought together with carbon dioxide and a sugar to produce an energetic carbohydrate
Calvin Cycle
97
Starting sugar of the calvin cycle
RuBP
98
What is rubisco?
Brings together three molecules of CO2 and 3 molecules of RuBP
99
To make one glucose how many Calvin cycles do you need to perform?
2 | Need 6 carbons
100
What is the key enzyme in the Calvin Cycle?
Rubisco
101
Characteristics of Rubisco:
Slow (3 reactions per second) | Most abundant protein on earth
102
The process where Rubisco sometimes binds oxygen (o2) instead of CO2.
Photorespiration (more frequent in warmer weather
103
C4 photosynthesis:
Used for some warm weather plants Uses a different enzyme to produce a C4 sugar Transferred to the bundle sheath (CO2 is reformed) then the Calvin cycle No risk of photorespiration because no light reaction process in bundle sheath cells
104
CAM photosynthesis:
Light reactions and calvin cycle take place during the day when the stromata are closed All done in the mesophyll cells

BIOL189 (8 decks)

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