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BIOL189 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A thin lipid envelope that holds the cell together

A

Plasma membrane

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2
Q

What are the four primary components in the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Proteins
Glycocalyx

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3
Q

What is the main component of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids

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4
Q

Hydrophilic heads have a ________ charge, while hydrophobic tails have a __________ charge.

A

Polar

Nonpolar

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5
Q

Why do testosterone and estrogen pass through the plasma membrane freely?

A

They are nonpolar and hydrophobic

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6
Q

What does the cholesterol is the cell membrane help do?

A

Maintains plasma membrane fluidity (prevents it from solidifying or liquefying)

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7
Q

What four roles do plasma membrane proteins exhibit?

A

Structure
Transportation
Communication
Recognition

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8
Q

How do integral and peripheral proteins differ?

A

Integral proteins are all the way through the plasma membrane, while peripheral proteins don’t go all the way through

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9
Q

How do recognition proteins work?

A

They recognize whether a protein is “normal” or “infected”

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10
Q

How does the communication protein work?

A

It can send signals into the cell, telling it what it needs to do or produce

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11
Q

What does the glycocalyx do?

A

Helps lubricate cell surface and attach to other surfaces when needed

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12
Q

The amount of solute per volume of solvent.

A

Concentration

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13
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules or ions from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration

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14
Q

Does diffusion require energy?

A

No

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15
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of free WATER molecules across a selectively permeable membrane (they want to go where the party is at)

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16
Q

What is the movement of water influenced by?

A

Solutes

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17
Q

What does a hypertonic environment mean?

A

The concentration of a solute is higher outside of the the cell than inside

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18
Q

What does an isotonic environment mean?

A

The concentration of the solute is the same inside and outside of a cell

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19
Q

What does a hypotonic environment mean?

A

The concentration of a solute is greater inside of the cell than outside of the cell

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20
Q

What type of plant structure does a hypotonic plant cell form?

A

Turgid

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21
Q

What type of plant structure does an isotonic plant cell form?

A

Flaccid

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22
Q

What type of plant structure does a hypertonic plant cell form?

A

Plasmolyzed

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23
Q

Another word for the bursting of a cell.

A

Lysis

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24
Q

Another word for a dehydrated cell shriveling.

A

Crenation

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25
Q

What are the three modes of molecular transport in a cell?

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport

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26
Q

This process requires no energy and allows small nonpolar molecules to move in and out of a cell.

A

Simple diffusion (oxygen, carbon dioxide)

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27
Q

This process requires no energy and involves moving large polar molecules in & out via protein channels.

A

Facilitated diffusion (gated channels)

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28
Q

This process requires energy and involves transporting molecules against the concentration gradient

A

Active transport

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29
Q

What is active transport used for?

A

Maintain electrolyte balance

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30
Q

What electrolyte balance do our cells need to maintain?

A

High potassium (K+) and low sodium (Na+) inside of the cell

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31
Q

The transportation of large molecules or large quantitites of molecules involve what two processes

A

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

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32
Q

Define energy:

A

The ability to act against an opposing force

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33
Q

Stored energy

A

Potential energy

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34
Q

Energy in motion

A

Kinetic energy

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35
Q

What is the study of energy?

A

Thermodynamics

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36
Q

What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

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37
Q

What is entropy?

A

The measure of the amount of “disorder” in a given system (randomness)

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38
Q

As temperature increases, what happens to entropy?

A

It increases

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39
Q

When a solute is added to a pure solvent, what happens to entropy?

A

Increases

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40
Q

What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics state?

A

The release of energy will result in a greater amount of disorder

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41
Q

What percentage of energy stored as glucose is being used in a cell?

A

37%

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42
Q

When energy is wasted, what does it get stored as?

A

Heat

43
Q

What is the symbol for free energy?

A

Delta G

44
Q

What is free energy?

A

The portion of a system’s energy that is able to perform work when temperature is uniform thru out the system

45
Q

What does delta G stand for?

A

Gibbs Free Energy

46
Q

How do you calculate delta G?

A

Final state - starting state = delta G

47
Q

^G

A

Energy is being released (catabolic, exergonic)

48
Q

^G > 0

A

Energy is consumed (anabolic, endergonic)

49
Q

What are coupled reactions?

A

When endergonic & exergonic reactions occur together

50
Q

Where does the energy that powers endergonic reactions come from?

A

ATP

51
Q

How are the bonds between phosphate groups broken down?

A

Hydrolysis

52
Q

These accelerate (catalyze) chemical reactions.

A

Enzymes

53
Q

The molecules that the enzyme acts on.

A

Substrate

54
Q

A site on the enzyme where the substrate binds.

A

Active site

55
Q

The enzyme changes shape so it can bind the substrate tighter.

A

Induced fit

56
Q

A set of connected reactions.

A

Metabolic pathways

57
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Energy to get the reaction going

58
Q

What to competitive inhibitors do?

A

Compete to get to the active site. These slow down enzyme activity.

59
Q

What does allosteric regulation do?

A

Product of reaction binds to different locations on enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape

60
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Storing energy from food into ATP

61
Q

Sugars VS lipids, which are better at storing energy?

A

Lipids

62
Q

Oxidation is:

A

Loss of electrons

63
Q

Reduction is:

A

Gain of electrons

64
Q

OIL RIG

A

Oxidation Is Loss

Reduction Is Gain

65
Q

The process where electrons (e-) from high energy molecules are transferred to low energy molecules

A

Electron transfer

66
Q

What do coenzymes do?

A

Carry out the electron transfer process

67
Q

Relatively, how much ATP is produced from one glucose molecule?

A

36 ATP:
2 Glycolysis
2 Krebs Cycle
32 Electron Transport Chain

68
Q

Where do the three processes of cellular respiration occur?

A

Glycolysis: cystol
Krebs cycle: mitochondria
ETC: mitochondria

69
Q

What is another word for the process “glycolysis”?

A

Sugar-splitting

70
Q

Pyruvic acids comines with CoEnzyme A to form:

A

Acetyl CoA (twice)

71
Q

Pyruvate oxidation:

A

Producing Acetyl CoA

72
Q

What part of the membrane does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

Inner compartment of membrane

73
Q

How many molecules are oxidized in the Krebs cycle?

A

4 (8 all together)

74
Q

How many enzymes work in the ETC?

A

5 Enzymes (3 large and 2 small mobile)

75
Q

What do the electrons do in the ETC?

A

Release energy to help pump hydrogen ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria against their concentration gradient

76
Q

What process does ATP synthase do?

A

Facilitated diffusion

77
Q

What does the passage of hydrogen ions in the ATP synthase cause it to do?

A

Spin rapidly

78
Q

Why is oxygen so important in the ETC?

A

It combines with the used electron and a hydrogen ion to form H2O (waste)

79
Q

Endergonic VS exergonic- What are most cellular activities?

A

Endergonic

80
Q

To the point, how is ATP synthesized?

A

Using the energy obtained from food

81
Q

Their energy comes from food obtained by eating other organisms.

A

Heterotrophs

82
Q

Synthesizes their own food, which is then used to synthesize ATP in respiration.

A

Autotrophs

83
Q

Earliest evolutionary innovation.

A

Photosynthesis

84
Q

How do photosynthesis and cell respiration complement each other?

A

The byproduct for one are the ingredients for the other

85
Q

In photosynthesis, each molecule is ________ energetic than its predecessor.

A

More (energetically uphill)

86
Q

What cell does most photosynthesis take place in?

A

Mesophyll

87
Q

What organelles specialize in photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts

88
Q

Where do the light reactions (part I) of photosynthesis take place?

A

Thylakoid membrane

89
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis take place?

A

Stroma

90
Q

What are accessory pigments?

A

Chlorophyll break down you see in leaves in the fall

91
Q

An organized complex of molecules within the thylakoid membrane that, in photosynthesis, collects solar energy and transforms it into chemical energy.

A

Photosystem

92
Q

What happens to the chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction center?

A

They become oxidized

93
Q

Where do the electron energy used from going to PSII and PSI go?

A

Used to synthesize ATP molecules to use in the Calvin Cycle

94
Q

What controls the concentration gradient in the thylakoid?

A

The membrane

95
Q

What are the three stages of the Calvin Cycle?

A

1st- Need to make carbon dioxide
2nd- Reduction
3rd- Regeneration of RuBP from G3P

96
Q

Set of steps in photosynthesis in which energetic electrons are brought together with carbon dioxide and a sugar to produce an energetic carbohydrate

A

Calvin Cycle

97
Q

Starting sugar of the calvin cycle

A

RuBP

98
Q

What is rubisco?

A

Brings together three molecules of CO2 and 3 molecules of RuBP

99
Q

To make one glucose how many Calvin cycles do you need to perform?

A

2

Need 6 carbons

100
Q

What is the key enzyme in the Calvin Cycle?

A

Rubisco

101
Q

Characteristics of Rubisco:

A

Slow (3 reactions per second)

Most abundant protein on earth

102
Q

The process where Rubisco sometimes binds oxygen (o2) instead of CO2.

A

Photorespiration (more frequent in warmer weather

103
Q

C4 photosynthesis:

A

Used for some warm weather plants
Uses a different enzyme to produce a C4 sugar
Transferred to the bundle sheath (CO2 is reformed) then the Calvin cycle
No risk of photorespiration because no light reaction process in bundle sheath cells

104
Q

CAM photosynthesis:

A

Light reactions and calvin cycle take place during the day when the stromata are closed
All done in the mesophyll cells

BIOL189 (8 decks)

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