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BIOL189 > Final Part 1 > Flashcards

Final Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Does correlation imply causation?

A

NO

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2
Q

The variable that is a result or outcome of the certain change in the experiment

A

Dependent variable

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3
Q

The variable in the experiment that is controlled by the experimenter, variable that is changed or altered

A

Independent variable

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4
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of living organisms?

A 
Metabolism
Irritability
Cellularity
Homeostasis
Reproduction
Genetics
Evolution
Complexity
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5
Q

Neither the subjects nor evaluators know which group is which in the experiment

A

Double-blind study

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6
Q

Neither the subjects, evaluators, nor data analysts know which group is which in the experiment

A

Triple-blind study

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7
Q

Only the subject doesn’t know

A

Single-blind method

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8
Q

Assigning experimental subjects to different groups in a random fashion

A

Radomization

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9
Q

A measurable change not attributable to medication or treatment

A

Placebo effect

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10
Q

What are the 6 elements that are key to life?

A 
Oxygen
Phosphours 
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulfur
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11
Q

An element’s _______ _____ is calculated by adding the number of protons and the number of neutrons

A

Atomic mass

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12
Q

The number of protons an element’s nucleus is referred to as:

A

Atomic number

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13
Q

Same atomic number, different atomic mass

A

Isotopes

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14
Q

Crossing horizontally across the PT, what is being shown?

A

The number of shells an element has

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15
Q

Crossing vertically down the PT, what is being shown?

A

The number of valence electrons (on the outermost shell)

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16
Q

How reactive do electrons that need to lose or gain only one or two electrons tend to be?

A

Highly

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17
Q

The more shells an element has, how electronegative is it?

A

Not very

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18
Q

When one electron is shared between two atoms

A

Single bond

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19
Q

When two atoms share two electrons

A

Double bond

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20
Q

These bonds are represented by lines or dots

A

Chemical

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21
Q

A difference inbetween 0.5-1.7 is what kind of bond?

A

Polar covalent bond

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22
Q

A difference of >1.7 is:

A

An ionic bond

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23
Q

A difference inbetween 0.0-0.4 is:

A

Nonpolar covalent bond

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24
Q

When a more electronegative atom “steals” the other atom’s electron-no sharing

A

Ionic bond

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25
Q

Bonds between or within molecules

A

Hydrogen bonds

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26
Q

The substance being dissolved

A

Solute

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27
Q

The substance that does the dissolving

A

Solvent

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28
Q

Solvent+Solute= A homogenous mix of two or more kinds of molecules, atoms, or ions

A

Solution

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29
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. ) Observe
  2. ) Question
  3. ) Hypothesis
  4. ) Prediction
  5. ) Test
    - Test supports
    - Test does not support
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30
Q

How many parts is a carb (saccharide)?

A

1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen

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31
Q

What are common monosaccharides and disaccharides?

A

Monomer: glucose & fructose

Polymer: lactose & sucrose

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32
Q

What kind of reaction does a monosaccaride forming into a disacchride produce?

A

Condensation reaction (releasing a water molecule)

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33
Q

What is starch (amylose) broken down by?

A

Amylase

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34
Q

What bonds can be broken down by humans?

A

Alpha (down)

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35
Q

What consists in lipids?

A 
Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Waxes
Sterols
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36
Q

What are fatty acids composed of?

A

Carboxyl head with a long hydrocarbon chain

37
Q

Unsaturated=

A

More than one double bond

38
Q

Have 4 fused carbon rings

A

Steroids

39
Q

How do we transport lipids through out the body?

A

LDL ship out to tissues in our body where they need to go, HDL picks them up and transfers them back to our liver to be eliminated

40
Q

Carboxyl

A 
O 
     //
--C
    \
     OH
Fatty acids & amino acids
41
Q

Hydroxyl

A

–OH

Alcohols & Carbohydrates

42
Q

Amino (-NH2)

A 
H
     /
--N
    \
     H               Amino acids
43
Q

Phosphate (-PO4)

A 
O
         ||
--O---P---O-
         |
        O-             DNA & ATP
44
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids
Carboxyl group
Side chain

45
Q

What is a protein?

A

A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

46
Q

4 Structures in protein:

A

Primary: sequence of amino acids
Secondary: take form such as alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
Tertiary: these forms start to take larger-scale turns
Quaternary: Two or more polypeptide chains together

47
Q

These type of proteins make chemical reactions possible

A

Enzymes

48
Q

Information bearing molecules of all life on earth

A

Nucleic acid

49
Q

What do nucleic acids consist of?

A

Base pair
Phosphate group
Sugar

50
Q

Three differences between RNA & DNA

A

Strand
T & U
Ribose sugar

51
Q

What is the central dogma of biology?

A

DNA is TRANSRIBED to RNA

RNA is TRANSLATED into Proteins

52
Q

What are the 3 principles of cell theory?

A
  1. ) Cells are the fundamental units of life
  2. ) All living things are composed of cells
  3. ) All cells come from pre-existing cells
53
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya

54
Q

What kingdoms are in domain Eukarya?

A

Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Fungi

55
Q

What are the differences in eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

A 
Eukaryotic: 
DNA contained in nucleus
Larger (usually)
Many types of organelles
Often multicellular
Prokaryotic: 
DNA spreads throughout
Smaller
One type of organelle
Single celled
56
Q

What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

A

Chromosomes
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes

57
Q

How do plant cells and animal cells differ?

A

Plant cells contain chloroplasts, central vacuole, and cell wall. NO LYSOSOMES

58
Q

Ribosomes

A

Contribute in making proteins

59
Q

This is where select proteins are folded and chemically modified

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)

60
Q

This is the UPS of the cell

A

Golgi complex

61
Q

This is the site for lipid synthesis and detoxification

A

Smooth ER

62
Q

Garbage collectors of the cell

A

Lysosomes (only in animal cells)

63
Q

Energy producers of cell (also contain some DNA)

A

Mitochondria

64
Q

This maintains cell pressure, stores nutrients, and retains/degrades waste products in an animal cell

A

Central vacuole

65
Q

What is the plasma membrane made of?

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Proteins
Glycocalyx

66
Q

What does cholesterol do for the plasma membrane?

A

Maintains fluidity (prevents solidification & liquification)

67
Q

Two types of proteins contained in the plasma membrane:

A

Integral: goes completely through the plasma membrane
Peripheral: goes through half of the plasma membrane

68
Q

What four roles do proteins in the plasma membrane have?

A

Structural
Communication
Transport
Recognition

69
Q

This carbohydrate chain helps lubricate the cell suface (plasma membrane) when needed

A

Glycocalyx

70
Q

The movement of molecules or ions from regions of HIGH concentration to regions of LOW concentration

A

Diffusion

71
Q

The diffusion of free WATER molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis (they want to go to where the party is)

72
Q

What environment is it when the concentration of a solute is higher outside of a cell than inside? What is the result?

A

Hypertonic (free water wants to come out)

Plasmolyzed

73
Q

When the concentration of a solute is the same inside and outside of a cell. What is the result?

A

Isotonic

Flaccid

74
Q

What environment is it when the concentration of a solute is greater inside of the cell than outside of the cell? What is the result?

A

Hypotonic (free water in)

Turgid (blow up in animal cell, good for plant cell)

75
Q

What kind of transport involves transport of a molecule against the concentration gradient? Requires energy

A

Active transport

76
Q

What is active transport used to maintain?

A

Electrolyte balance

Sodium (NA+ Sodium & K+ Potassium) = Sodium/potassium pump

77
Q

Transportation of large molecules or large quantities of molecules involve:

A

Endocytosis & Exocytosis

78
Q

What types of endocytosis are there?

A

Phagocytosis (eating)
Pinocytosis (drinking)
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

79
Q

Energy that is stored

A

Potential energy

80
Q

Energy in motion

A

Kinetic energy

81
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can NOT be created nor destroyed, it can only be TRANSFORMED

82
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

The release of energy will result in a GREATER amount of disorder (entropy)

83
Q

These reactions consume/require free energy. Unfavorable/non-spontaneous

A

Endergonic reaction

84
Q

These reactions occur during the release of energy. Favorable/spontaneous

A

Exergonic reactions

85
Q

When endergonic & exergonic reactions occur together, it is referred to as:

A

Coupled reactions

86
Q

What proteins acclerate (catalyze) chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

87
Q

Energy to get the reaction going. What helps lower this?

A

Activation energy

Enzymes

88
Q

Enzymes arrange two substrates to create a:

A

Microenvironment

BIOL189 (8 decks)

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