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BIOL189 > Exam 4- Part 2 > Flashcards

Exam 4- Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is true about evolution?

A

Populations evolve

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2
Q

What are the two key principles of evolution?

A

Common descent with modification

Natural selection

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3
Q

Describe common descent with modification:

A

We all come from one universal common ancestor
Modification of successive generations
Descent through genetic inheritance

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4
Q

Describe natural selection:

A

Traits grant reproductive advantage

Survival of the fittest

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5
Q

What is the only constant in evolution?

A

Change

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6
Q

Thomas Malthus:

A

“Struggle for existence”

Humans, plants, and animals will reproduce so much and so fast that we will exceed the amount of food that is being produced, resulting in famine and war

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7
Q

Georges Cuvier:

A

Classified animals into 4 branches: Vertebrata, Articulata, Mollusca, Radiata
Saw that extinction was a fact due to periodic catastrophes= more complex
“Change causes organisms not to survive”

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8
Q

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck:

A

“Inheritance of acquired characteristics”
He believed that the use or disuse of a structure or organ would cause it to enlarge or shrink
No extinction, just evolution

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9
Q

Karl Von Baer:

A

“Life is not a series-no recapitulation”

More general characteristics of a large group of animals appear in their embryos

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10
Q

Charles Lyell:

A

Principles of geology

“Forces that molded the planet today have operated continuously throughout history”= to produce slow change

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11
Q

Charles Darwin:

A

Natural selection was sparked after reading Malthus

Galapagos island= finches evolved

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12
Q

Alfred Wallace:

A

Also thought of natural selection

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13
Q

Why don’t selective pressures act on embryos?

A

Embryos don’t:
Move (walk around)= survive
Need to compete for resources= thrive
Mate in the womb= reproduce

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14
Q

Julian Huxley:

A

Put it all together into “Evolution: The Modern Synthesis”:

Genetics, Botany, Paleontology, Morphology, Ecology, Cell Biology

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15
Q

A technique for determining the age of objects by measuring the decay of the radiometric elements they contain

A

Radiometric dating (half life)

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16
Q

Paleontological & Geological evidence:

A

Using fossils in sedimentary rock to come to an approximate date

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17
Q

A structure in an organism whose original function has been lost during the course of evolution

A

Vestigial character

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18
Q

Describe morphology:

A

The study of physical forms that organisms can take

Us, bats, whales, cats, and gorillas all have a 1-2-5 bone structure all assumed to come from a common ancestor

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19
Q

What is the big deal with cytochrome C?

A

Acts as a molecular clock to see the difference in nucleotide substitutions that have occurred along the lineages in the gene coding for their protein

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20
Q

The change in allele frequencies in a population over a relatively short period

A

Microevolution

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21
Q

Having multiple alleles on a gene

A

Polyallelic

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22
Q

Percent of a particular allele out of all alleles in a population

A

Allele frequency

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23
Q

All the alleles that exist in a population

A

Gene pool

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24
Q

Define species:

A

A group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce viable offspring

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25
Q

How do populations evolve?

A

Populations are a result of environmental change

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26
Q

All members of a species that live in a defined geographic region and a given time

A

Population

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27
Q

What are the five agents of evolution?

A 
Mutations
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Sexual selection
Natural selection
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28
Q

What kind of mutations are there?

A

Heritable
Visually undetectable
Harmful
Adaptive (beneficial)

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29
Q

The movement of genes from one population to another

A

Gene flow (shifted allele frequencies)

30
Q

The chance alteration of allele frequencies in populations (larger consequences on smaller populations)

A

Genetic drift

31
Q

Explain the bottleneck effect:

A

Some disaster or catastrophic event kills off some of a population, the surviving population had a different allele frequency and little genetic diversity, they will reflect the newer generations to come

32
Q

Explain the founder effect:

A

A few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency than the original population

33
Q

A form of natural selection that produces differential reproductive success based on differential success in finding mating partners

A

Sexual selection

34
Q

Intersexual:

A

Make more attractive to opposite sex

35
Q

Intrasexual:

A

Intimidate same sex of defeat competitior

36
Q

Process through which traits that grant a reproductive advantage to individual organisms grow more common in populations of organisms over successive generations

A

Natural selection

37
Q

Phenotypic change in response to environmental change

A

Adaptation

38
Q

Success of an individual at passing on its genes to the next generation, RELATIVE to other individuals in the population

A

Fitness

39
Q

A characteristic that is controlled by more than one gene

A

Polygenic

40
Q

One extreme of a characteristic confers a survival advantage

A

Directional selection

41
Q

Average values of a characteristic are favored over extremes

A

Stabilizing selection

42
Q

A phenotypic trait moves towards both of its extremes

A

Disruptive selection

43
Q

How would you explain macroevolution?

A

Changes above the level of species

Coming from different ancestors to evolving into a total different species

44
Q

Members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring

A

Species

45
Q

When an “ancestor species” diverges into two separate species

A

Speciation (when one species can no longer interbreed with one another)

46
Q

Why can geographical separation drive but not directly cause allopatric speciation?

A

It may cause a species to separate into two populations, but it doesn’t guarantee that that they will not meet up again

47
Q

When geographical barriers divide a population and the resulting populations then go on to become separate species

A

Allopatric speciation

48
Q

How are ring species unique to breeding?

A

Although species may take different routes around an areas, when fully making a circle back, they may still be able to interbreed with one another

49
Q

What are the six intrinsic biological isolating mechanisms?

A 
Ecological isolation
Temporal isolation
Behavioral isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gametic isolation 
Hybrid inviability or infertility
50
Q

How are sympatric and allopatric speciation different?

A

Sympatric speciation is not driven by geographic separation while allopatirc is

51
Q

How could you use Darwin’s Galappagos finches to explain the concept of adaptive radiation?

A

One species was introduced to an area with many different islands that all entailed different niches, the finches each had to adapt in order to fill the niche that the island presented

52
Q

What are the two equilibrium rates in evolution?

A

Gradualism: selection and variation happens gradually, change is slow, constant
Punctuated: Selection and variation happens rapidly in spurts, followed by long periods with little change

53
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Involves organizing the diversity of life by using binomial nomenclature to quickly identify a certain species

54
Q

In what order are taxons arranged? highest to lowest

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species
55
Q

Each level of classification is known as:

A

Taxon

56
Q

Branch of biology dealing with how closely related various organisms are to one another

A

Phylogenetics

57
Q

How is similarity determined in phylogenetics today?

A

DNA sequence, fossil record, morphology

58
Q

What is the difference between homology and analogy?

A

Homology: similar because of common ancestor
Analogy: no common ancestry, but common enviroment

59
Q

Unrelated organisms can develop similar features because they are advantageous in their environment

A

Convergent evolution

60
Q

Cladistics

A

More accurate view because of DNA sequencing

61
Q

What are the four major eras the earth is split up into?

A

Precambrian (longest)
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic (Current)

62
Q

Precambrian:

A

Ended in a result in an emergence of multicelled organisms

First life forms were seen here

63
Q

Paleozoic:

A

Ended by the Permian extinction (rapid drop of sea level, killing off many sea animals)
First mammal like fossils

64
Q

Mezoic:

A

Ended by the Cretaceous Extinction (astroid)

Angiosperms replace gymnosperms

65
Q

Cenzoic:

A

Humans, horse, whale, primates

66
Q

Living organisms thought to have arisen from non-living organic molecules

A

Abiogenesis

67
Q

What was the experiment that showed abiogeneisis?

A 
Urey-Miller experiment
Boiled water (adding water to the artificial atmosphere), water vapor causes as electric spark simlating a lightning storm in the electric spark chamber housing molecules thought to be present in the atmosphere, it is transferred to a condenser where water vapor is condensed and any soluble molecules are dissolved, and later the organic molecules appear ! voila
68
Q

What are the two modern hypotheses on abiogenesis?

A

Replicator-first

Metabolism-first

69
Q

Molecules with the ability to make copies of themselves. Using RNA and ribozymes

A

Replicator first

70
Q

Life started as a set of self-sustaining chemical reactions. Using citric acid cycle

A

Metabolism first

71
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

72
Q

Large increase in atmosphere O2 is followed by huge increase in new species

A

Cambrian explosion

BIOL189 (8 decks)

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