Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the ratio of a carbohydrate?
A
1 carbon : 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen
2
Q
Carbohydrates can also be known as:
A
Saccharides or Sugars
3
Q
What is the condensation reaction?
A
Two units of a monosaccharide link to form a disaccharide. Reaction can cause water to spill out
4
Q
What are the main components of a cell membrane?
A
Phospholipids
5
Q
An atom with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons
A
Isotope
6
Q
Chemical reactions are interactions between atoms in which ____________ are exchanged.
A
Electrons
7
Q
When protons or neutrons are exchanged it is considered a __________ ___________.
A
Nuclear Reaction
8
Q
What determines whether or not atoms interact?
A
The number and arrangement of outermost electrons (valence electrons)
9
Q
This refers to how badly an atom wants EXTRA electrons
A
Electronegativity
10
Q
When elements join together, they form:
A
Molecules
11
Q
The difference in electronegativity for nonpolar covalent bonds has to be between:
A
0.0-0.4
12
Q
The difference in electronegativity for ionic bonds has to be between:
A
> 1.7
13
Q
The difference in electronegativity for polar covalent bonds has to be between:
A
0.5-1.7
14
Q
When a more electronegative atom “steals” another atoms electron
A
Ionic bond
15
Q
A charged particle that contains an unequal number of electrons and protons
A
Ion
16
Q
If an atom loses an electron it is considered a:
A
Cation (positive charge)
17
Q
If an atom gains an electron it is considered a:
A
Anion (negative charge)
18
Q
Define hydrocarbons:
A
Consist entirely of hydrogen and carbon
19
Q
What are the information bearing molecules of all life on earth?
A
Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
20
Q
What is the central element of life on earth?
A
Carbon (has a unique electron configuration)
21
Q
Carboxyls (-COOH) are found in:
A
Fatty acids
Amino Acids
22
Q
Hydroxyls (-OH) are found in:
A
Alcohols
Carbohydrates
23
Q
Aminos (-NH2) are found in:
A
Amino Acids
24
Q
Phosphates (-PO4) are found in:
A
DNA
ATP
25
Contains a hydrocarbon chain and at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group.
Alcohol
26
How can we tell if a molecule is an alcohol?
Suffix: ol
27
Why are glucose and fructose considered monosaccharides?
They are single (monomers) carbon-based molecules
28
Why is lactose considered a disaccharide?
It consists of multiple (polymer) carbon-based molecules.
29
When monosaccarides combine to form disaccharides, what reaction do they produce?
Condensation reaction
30
What is a condensation reaction?
When molecules break of an H2O (water) when bonding together
31
What is starch also known as?
Amylose
32
What breaks down amylose?
Amylase (enzyme)
33
What is the energy storage molecule in animals?
Glycogen
34
Where is glycogen stored?
Liver
| Muscles
35
What polysaccharide is not digestible by humans?
Cellulose
36
What are alpha bonds?
Bonds that go down, which indicate that they can be digested by humans
37
What are beta bonds?
Bonds that go down which indicate that they they cannot be digested by humans (cellulose)
38
When dealing with polarity, what would lipids be considered?
Non-polar or weakly polar
39
What types of lipids are there?
```
Fatty acids
Sterols
Triglycerides
Waxes
Phospholipids
```
40
What do fatty acids consist of?
Carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain
41
Between a carboxylic acid group and a hydrocarbon tail, which is hydrophillic?
The carboxylic acid
42
What does a saturated fatty acid mean?
There are no double bonds
43
What does an unsaturated fatty acid mean?
One or more double bonds are present.
44
What are characteristics of a saturated fatty acid?
Solid at room temperature
| Butter & lard
45
What are some characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids?
Liquid at room temperature (unable to stick together as closely as saturated)
Vegetable & fish oil
46
What do most fatty acids in organisms exist as?
Triglycerides
47
How do lipids differ from carbohydrates?
Lipids contain proportionately less oxygen and more hydrogen than carbs
48
What is the main component of the cell membrane?
Phospholipids
49
What is the lipid bilayer?
When pouring phospholipids into water, the hydrophobic ends will bunch together so that the hydrophilic ends are surrounding them blocking off the water
50
How can you tell what a steroid looks like?
Has four fused carbon rings
51
When transporting lipids through out the body, what is the purpose of high-density lipoproteins (good)?
They pick up the bad low density lipoprotens and brings them back to the liver where they are eliminated.
52
What do low-density liporoteins (LDL) do?
They drop off things to where they need to go, but can potentially clog arteries.
53
What makes up a wax?
Long chain of saturated fatty acids that is linked to a long saturated chain of alcohol.
54
Who was the first person to use the term "cell" and when?
Robert Hooke
| 1665
55
Who was the first person to discover microorganisms and when?
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
| 1674
56
As cell size increases, what happens to the cell?
It becomes less and less efficient to move materials in and out of cells
57
What are the three principles of the cell theory?
1. ) Cells are the fundamental units of life
2. ) All living things are composed of cells
3. ) All cells come from pre-existing cells
58
As cell size increases, what happens to the surface area-to-volume ratio?
It decreases
59
How do cells derive the energy they need for vital functions?
Through metabolism
60
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have:
Chromosomes
Cytoplasm, Cytosol
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
61
What are chromosomes?
Organizing unit for DNA, made of DNA & protein
62
What is the cytoplasm?
Jelly-like fluid of a cell
| Full of proteins & ribosomes
63
What is cytosol?
Fluid inside of cell
64
What is the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer with proteins
65
What are ribosomes?
Protein synthesis
| Ribosomal RNA & Protein
66
In eukaryotic cells, where are the DNA found?
Nucleus
67
What is transcription?
When DNA is used as a template to synthesize messenger RNA (mRNA)
68
What is translation?
When mRNA is used as a template to synthesize protein
69
What translates the mRNA to make protein?
Ribosomes
70
What happens in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)?
This is where select proteins are folded and chemically modified
71
What happens in the Golgi complex?
Proteins are further processed (edited, added to, trimmed) and are shipped either out of the cell, to the plasma membrane, or to the cytosol
72
What is the central dogma of biology?
DNA-->RNA-->Protein
73
What happens in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)?
It is the site for lipid synthesis and detoxification of harmful substances
74
What are lysosomes?
The garbage removal center of the animal cell
75
What are mitochondria?
Take in food and oxygen to produce ATP, H2O, and CO2
| Energy producing centers of the cell
76
What is the cytoskeleton made up of?
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
77
What is the cytoskeleton?
the internal scaffolding of the cell
78
Organelle quantities vary depending on what?
Cellular function
79
How do plant cells differ from animal cells?
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Central vacuole
Don't have vacuoles
80
What do chloroplasts do?
Synthesizes plants food (photosynthesis)
81
What is a cell wall made of?
Cellulose
82
What does the central vacuole do?
Maintains cell pressure, stores nutrients, and retains/degrades waste products
83
In multicellular organisms, cells that perform the same function form a:
Tissue
84
Animal cells communicate with adjacent cells through protein structures called:
Gap junctions
85
What are the only organelle prokaryotic cells carry?
Ribsome
86
What diverse group carries out most biological functions?
Proteins
87
What are the basic building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
88
How many amino acids are there?
20
| Unique based on side chain
89
A protein is a chain of amino acids linked by:
Peptide bonds
90
Large folded chain of polypeptides
Protein
91
A proteins function is critically dependent on:
Shape (conformation)
92
What is the primary structure of a protein?
Its sequence of amino acids, everything about the final shape of a protein is dictated by its sequence. (Ribbon flat on a surface)
93
What is a secondary structure of a protein?
```
When the primary structure is acted upon by electrochemical attraction or repulsion forces, it forms:
Alpha helix (ribbon around a finger)
Beta pleated sheet
```
94
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
As the motifs persist through a set of larger-scale turns they form the tertiary structure of the molecule
95
What is a quaternary structure?
Two or more polypetide chains that come together to form a protein
96
These are proteins that make many chemical reactions possible in living organisms.
Enzymes
97
What do enzyme inhibitors do?
Prevent enzymes from performing their function
98
These proteins are messenger molecules that carry messages from one cell to another.
Hormones
99
Class of transmembrane proteins.
Receptors
100
These proteins carry molecules from one part of the body to another.
Transport (hemoglobin carries oxygen throughout the body)
101
These proteins enable cells to change shape, movement.
Contractile
102
These proteins protect against antigens; healing
Antibodies (protective)
103
These proteins confer stiffness and rigidity to otherwise fluid biological components; mechanical support
Structural
104
These proteins are biological reserves of metals and amino acids; store nutrients.
Storage
105
These proteins are poisonous compounds secreted by living cells or organisms; defense.
Toxins
106
The information bearing molecules of all life on earth.
Nucleic Acids
107
Nucleic acids form:
DNA & RNA
108
DNA & RNA are polymers composed of:
Nucleotides
109
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
110
What is DNA composed of?
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
111
What are purines?
Adenine & Guanine (two rings)
112
What are pyrimidines?
Thymine & Cytosine (one ring)
113
How do DNA & RNA form base pairs?
Through hydrogen bonding
114
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
115
How do DNA & RNA differ?
RNA uses uracil rather than thymidine
| RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded
116
The degree of electron sharing in a chemical bond between two atoms
Bond polarity
117
Depends on whether electrical is symmetrically distributed within a molecule
Molecule plarity
118
A homogenous mix of two or more kinds of molecules, atoms, ions
Solution
119
Attraction and association of solvent molecules with solute molecules or ions
Solvation
120
Strong acids and bases can completely ionize in:
Water
