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BIOL189 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ratio of a carbohydrate?

A

1 carbon : 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen

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2
Q

Carbohydrates can also be known as:

A

Saccharides or Sugars

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3
Q

What is the condensation reaction?

A

Two units of a monosaccharide link to form a disaccharide. Reaction can cause water to spill out

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4
Q

What are the main components of a cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids

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5
Q

An atom with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

A

Isotope

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6
Q

Chemical reactions are interactions between atoms in which ____________ are exchanged.

A

Electrons

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7
Q

When protons or neutrons are exchanged it is considered a __________ ___________.

A

Nuclear Reaction

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8
Q

What determines whether or not atoms interact?

A

The number and arrangement of outermost electrons (valence electrons)

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9
Q

This refers to how badly an atom wants EXTRA electrons

A

Electronegativity

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10
Q

When elements join together, they form:

A

Molecules

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11
Q

The difference in electronegativity for nonpolar covalent bonds has to be between:

A

0.0-0.4

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12
Q

The difference in electronegativity for ionic bonds has to be between:

A

> 1.7

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13
Q

The difference in electronegativity for polar covalent bonds has to be between:

A

0.5-1.7

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14
Q

When a more electronegative atom “steals” another atoms electron

A

Ionic bond

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15
Q

A charged particle that contains an unequal number of electrons and protons

A

Ion

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16
Q

If an atom loses an electron it is considered a:

A

Cation (positive charge)

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17
Q

If an atom gains an electron it is considered a:

A

Anion (negative charge)

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18
Q

Define hydrocarbons:

A

Consist entirely of hydrogen and carbon

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19
Q

What are the information bearing molecules of all life on earth?

A

Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

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20
Q

What is the central element of life on earth?

A

Carbon (has a unique electron configuration)

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21
Q

Carboxyls (-COOH) are found in:

A

Fatty acids

Amino Acids

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22
Q

Hydroxyls (-OH) are found in:

A

Alcohols

Carbohydrates

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23
Q

Aminos (-NH2) are found in:

A

Amino Acids

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24
Q

Phosphates (-PO4) are found in:

A

DNA

ATP

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25
Q

Contains a hydrocarbon chain and at least one -OH (hydroxyl) group.

A

Alcohol

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26
Q

How can we tell if a molecule is an alcohol?

A

Suffix: ol

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27
Q

Why are glucose and fructose considered monosaccharides?

A

They are single (monomers) carbon-based molecules

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28
Q

Why is lactose considered a disaccharide?

A

It consists of multiple (polymer) carbon-based molecules.

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29
Q

When monosaccarides combine to form disaccharides, what reaction do they produce?

A

Condensation reaction

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30
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

When molecules break of an H2O (water) when bonding together

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31
Q

What is starch also known as?

A

Amylose

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32
Q

What breaks down amylose?

A

Amylase (enzyme)

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33
Q

What is the energy storage molecule in animals?

A

Glycogen

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34
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Liver

Muscles

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35
Q

What polysaccharide is not digestible by humans?

A

Cellulose

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36
Q

What are alpha bonds?

A

Bonds that go down, which indicate that they can be digested by humans

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37
Q

What are beta bonds?

A

Bonds that go down which indicate that they they cannot be digested by humans (cellulose)

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38
Q

When dealing with polarity, what would lipids be considered?

A

Non-polar or weakly polar

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39
Q

What types of lipids are there?

A 
Fatty acids
Sterols
Triglycerides
Waxes
Phospholipids
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40
Q

What do fatty acids consist of?

A

Carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain

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41
Q

Between a carboxylic acid group and a hydrocarbon tail, which is hydrophillic?

A

The carboxylic acid

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42
Q

What does a saturated fatty acid mean?

A

There are no double bonds

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43
Q

What does an unsaturated fatty acid mean?

A

One or more double bonds are present.

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44
Q

What are characteristics of a saturated fatty acid?

A

Solid at room temperature

Butter & lard

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45
Q

What are some characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Liquid at room temperature (unable to stick together as closely as saturated)
Vegetable & fish oil

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46
Q

What do most fatty acids in organisms exist as?

A

Triglycerides

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47
Q

How do lipids differ from carbohydrates?

A

Lipids contain proportionately less oxygen and more hydrogen than carbs

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48
Q

What is the main component of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids

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49
Q

What is the lipid bilayer?

A

When pouring phospholipids into water, the hydrophobic ends will bunch together so that the hydrophilic ends are surrounding them blocking off the water

50
Q

How can you tell what a steroid looks like?

A

Has four fused carbon rings

51
Q

When transporting lipids through out the body, what is the purpose of high-density lipoproteins (good)?

A

They pick up the bad low density lipoprotens and brings them back to the liver where they are eliminated.

52
Q

What do low-density liporoteins (LDL) do?

A

They drop off things to where they need to go, but can potentially clog arteries.

53
Q

What makes up a wax?

A

Long chain of saturated fatty acids that is linked to a long saturated chain of alcohol.

54
Q

Who was the first person to use the term “cell” and when?

A

Robert Hooke

1665

55
Q

Who was the first person to discover microorganisms and when?

A

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

1674

56
Q

As cell size increases, what happens to the cell?

A

It becomes less and less efficient to move materials in and out of cells

57
Q

What are the three principles of the cell theory?

A
  1. ) Cells are the fundamental units of life
  2. ) All living things are composed of cells
  3. ) All cells come from pre-existing cells
58
Q

As cell size increases, what happens to the surface area-to-volume ratio?

A

It decreases

59
Q

How do cells derive the energy they need for vital functions?

A

Through metabolism

60
Q

Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have:

A

Chromosomes
Cytoplasm, Cytosol
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes

61
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Organizing unit for DNA, made of DNA & protein

62
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Jelly-like fluid of a cell

Full of proteins & ribosomes

63
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Fluid inside of cell

64
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins

65
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

Ribosomal RNA & Protein

66
Q

In eukaryotic cells, where are the DNA found?

A

Nucleus

67
Q

What is transcription?

A

When DNA is used as a template to synthesize messenger RNA (mRNA)

68
Q

What is translation?

A

When mRNA is used as a template to synthesize protein

69
Q

What translates the mRNA to make protein?

A

Ribosomes

70
Q

What happens in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)?

A

This is where select proteins are folded and chemically modified

71
Q

What happens in the Golgi complex?

A

Proteins are further processed (edited, added to, trimmed) and are shipped either out of the cell, to the plasma membrane, or to the cytosol

72
Q

What is the central dogma of biology?

A

DNA–>RNA–>Protein

73
Q

What happens in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)?

A

It is the site for lipid synthesis and detoxification of harmful substances

74
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

The garbage removal center of the animal cell

75
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Take in food and oxygen to produce ATP, H2O, and CO2

Energy producing centers of the cell

76
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made up of?

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

77
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

the internal scaffolding of the cell

78
Q

Organelle quantities vary depending on what?

A

Cellular function

79
Q

How do plant cells differ from animal cells?

A

Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Central vacuole

Don’t have vacuoles

80
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

Synthesizes plants food (photosynthesis)

81
Q

What is a cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

82
Q

What does the central vacuole do?

A

Maintains cell pressure, stores nutrients, and retains/degrades waste products

83
Q

In multicellular organisms, cells that perform the same function form a:

A

Tissue

84
Q

Animal cells communicate with adjacent cells through protein structures called:

A

Gap junctions

85
Q

What are the only organelle prokaryotic cells carry?

A

Ribsome

86
Q

What diverse group carries out most biological functions?

A

Proteins

87
Q

What are the basic building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

88
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

Unique based on side chain

89
Q

A protein is a chain of amino acids linked by:

A

Peptide bonds

90
Q

Large folded chain of polypeptides

A

Protein

91
Q

A proteins function is critically dependent on:

A

Shape (conformation)

92
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Its sequence of amino acids, everything about the final shape of a protein is dictated by its sequence. (Ribbon flat on a surface)

93
Q

What is a secondary structure of a protein?

A 
When the primary structure is acted upon by electrochemical attraction or repulsion forces, it forms:
Alpha helix (ribbon around a finger)
Beta pleated sheet
94
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

As the motifs persist through a set of larger-scale turns they form the tertiary structure of the molecule

95
Q

What is a quaternary structure?

A

Two or more polypetide chains that come together to form a protein

96
Q

These are proteins that make many chemical reactions possible in living organisms.

A

Enzymes

97
Q

What do enzyme inhibitors do?

A

Prevent enzymes from performing their function

98
Q

These proteins are messenger molecules that carry messages from one cell to another.

A

Hormones

99
Q

Class of transmembrane proteins.

A

Receptors

100
Q

These proteins carry molecules from one part of the body to another.

A

Transport (hemoglobin carries oxygen throughout the body)

101
Q

These proteins enable cells to change shape, movement.

A

Contractile

102
Q

These proteins protect against antigens; healing

A

Antibodies (protective)

103
Q

These proteins confer stiffness and rigidity to otherwise fluid biological components; mechanical support

A

Structural

104
Q

These proteins are biological reserves of metals and amino acids; store nutrients.

A

Storage

105
Q

These proteins are poisonous compounds secreted by living cells or organisms; defense.

A

Toxins

106
Q

The information bearing molecules of all life on earth.

A

Nucleic Acids

107
Q

Nucleic acids form:

A

DNA & RNA

108
Q

DNA & RNA are polymers composed of:

A

Nucleotides

109
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

110
Q

What is DNA composed of?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

111
Q

What are purines?

A

Adenine & Guanine (two rings)

112
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

Thymine & Cytosine (one ring)

113
Q

How do DNA & RNA form base pairs?

A

Through hydrogen bonding

114
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

115
Q

How do DNA & RNA differ?

A

RNA uses uracil rather than thymidine

RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded

116
Q

The degree of electron sharing in a chemical bond between two atoms

A

Bond polarity

117
Q

Depends on whether electrical is symmetrically distributed within a molecule

A

Molecule plarity

118
Q

A homogenous mix of two or more kinds of molecules, atoms, ions

A

Solution

119
Q

Attraction and association of solvent molecules with solute molecules or ions

A

Solvation

120
Q

Strong acids and bases can completely ionize in:

A

Water

BIOL189 (8 decks)

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