FINAL FOR A&P 1 Flashcards
structures
anatomy
functions
physiology
what is the relationship between anatomy and physiology
difficult to separate; form follows function
levels of organization
chemical (atoms- molecules) cellular (skin cells) tissue (epith) organ (kidney) organ system (digestive) organism (human)
basic unit of life
cells
the existence of a stable internal environment
homeostasis
adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
homeostatic regulation
what will happen if homeostasis is not preserved
illness or death
receives signals about changes in internal environment that causes response to reverse these changes back to the normal range
negative feedback ex. thermostat
cells and cell products organized into layers of groups that perform a relatively limited number of fxs
tissues
study of tissues
histology
cover internal and external surfaces; forms glands
epith
fill internal spaces and provide support for other tissues
connective
provide movement via contractions
muscle
conduct electrical impulses
neural
2 types of cell arrangements found in epith
microvilli and cillia
increases surface area for increase absorption and secretion
microvilli
sweep substances along epith surface
cilia
what is unique about transitional epith
transitions from thick to thin and back again as it stretches and recoils
where is transitional epith found
urinary bladder
collections of cells
glands
secretes hormones directly into interstitial fluid and/or blood
endocrine ex. pancreas
release secretions onto epith surfaces via ducts
exocrine ex. tears
function of mucus
lubrication
one unicellular exocrine gland? what does it secrete
mucous (goblet) cells; secretes mucins that w h2o forms mucus
most common conn tissue cell; make components of ground substances and fibers
fibroblasts
engulf pathogens and damaged cells
macrophages
fat cells
adipocytes
stem cells to divide and differentiate into other conn tissue cells
mesenchymal cells
3 types of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibro
physical barriers; line or cover body surfaces
membranes
specialized for contraction and movement
muscle tissues
striated voluntary; produce gross body movements
skeletal
striated involuntary ; only in heart
cardiac
non striated involuntary ; around hollow organs
smooth
specialized for conduction of electrical impulses
neural tissue
how is skeletal muscle an organ
skeletal muscle tissue
conn tissue
nerves
blood vessels
produce skeletal movement maintain posture and body position support soft tissues guard entrance and exits maintain body temp store nutrient reserves
fx of skeletal muscular system
bundle of fascicles
muscle fibers
continuation of collagen fibers of conn tissue coverings beyond end of muscle; cordlike
tendon
similar to tendon but is a broad sheet of ct that attaches a broad, flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones
aponeurosis
muscle fibers cell membrane
sarcolemma
cytoplasm
sarcoplasm
tubes continuous with sarcolemma and contain extracellular fluid and form passages ways thru the muscle fiber
t tubules
tubular network that cover each myofibril
sarcoplasmic reticulum
2 kinds of protein filaments found in myofibrils.
actin and myosin
thin filaments
actin
thick filaments
myosin
thin filaments slide toward center of sarcomere; alongside the thick filaments
sliding filament theory
all the muscle fibers controlled by one motor neuron
motor unit
what determines the size of the motor unit
how fine the control of movement can be
Which of these have all-or-none contractions? muscle fiber, motor unit, entire muscle?
muscle fiber
if it contracts at all it will contract completely
all or none
muscle shorten when contracted
isotonic
muscle contracts but doesn’t change length
isometric
reuqires o2
aerobic metabolism
occurs in mitochondria
aerobic
occurs in sarcoplasm
anaerobic
end produces 2 atp
anaerobic
end produces 36 atp
aerobic
short term form of glucose
glycogen
how is glycogen used in the process of atp generation and storage
glucose turns into glycogen as needed
what causes lactic acid
mitochondria make as many atp as they can but isn’t enough since theres not enough o2 to sustain aerobic metabolism
what happens when lactic acid accumulates
may inhibit muscles to continue contracting
what happens to lactic acid during the recovery period
turns into pyretic acid and then to glucose
where does the recovery period of a muscle occur
in the liver
amount of o2 needed to restore normal conditions
oxygen debt
Explain the significance of the heat that is produced with muscle contractions.
w increase activity more heat is released and body temp climbs
fast twitch fbers
fast fibers
white fibers
fast
slow twitch fibers
slow fibers
red muscle fibers
slow
why is slow red
more o2 to muscle fiber
muscle hemoglobin
myoglobin
where is myoglobin
in blood
cells are bound together and contractions move from cell to cell in a wave
peristalsis
immoveable/fixed end; usually connected to a bone
origin
moveable end
insertion
prime mover; muscle responsible for most of movement
agonist
muscle who’s action oppose against; responsible for movement in opposite direction
antagonist
muscle that assist agonist; makes agonist more efficient
synergist
2 divisions of the nervous system
central and peripheral
brain and spinal cord
central ns
cranial and spinal nerves
peripheral ns
two types of effectors
muscles and glands
brings sensory info to cns from receptors
afferent division
carries motor commands from cns to effectors
efferent division
controls skeletal muscle contractions
somatic ns
provides automatic regulation of smooth muscle cardiac muscle and glands
autonomic ns
2 components of the efferent division
somatic and autonomic
What is unique about a neuron’s nucleus?
doesn’t divide
short extensions from cell body and receives info from other neurons
dendrites
long slender cylindrical process w uniform diameter that conducts impulses away from cell
axon
poorly understood
anaxonic neurons
relay info about sight, smell, or hearing
bipolar neurons
carry info/senses into cns
unipolar neurons
control skeletal muscles
multipolar neurons
