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anatomy and physiology > ch. 12 > Flashcards

ch. 12 Flashcards

1
Q

two major divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

cranial and spinal nerves

A

peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

2 functional divisions of the nervous system

A

afferent division

efferent division

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5
Q

brings sensory information to CNS from receptors

A

afferent division

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6
Q

carries motor commands from CNS to effectors

A

efferent division

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7
Q

muscles and glands

A

effectors

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8
Q

2 components of the efferent division

A

somatic ns and autonomic ns

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9
Q

controls skeletal muscle contractions

A

somatic ns

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10
Q

provides automatic regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

A

autonomic ns

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11
Q

functional units of the nervous system

A

neurons

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12
Q

short extensions from the cell body; usually many and highly branched

A

dendrites

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13
Q

functions of dendrites

A

receives info from other neurons

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14
Q

one extends from cell body
long, slender, cylindrical process with uniform diameter
end has many fine branches which end at synaptic terminals

A

axon

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15
Q

function of axon

A

conduct impulses away from cell

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16
Q

small, numerous dendrites; no axon

A

anaxonic neurons

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17
Q

fx: poorly understood

A

anaxonic neurons

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18
Q

in brain and in special sense organs

A

anaxonic neurons

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19
Q

1 dendrite and 1 axon with cell body between the 2

A

bipolar neuronns

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20
Q

in specialized parts of eye nose and ears; rare

A

bipolar neurons

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21
Q

fx: relay info about sight, smell or hearing

A

bipolar neurons

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22
Q

dendrites and axon are continuous and cell body lies off to side

A

unipolar neurons

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23
Q

fx: carry info/senses into CNS

A

unipolar neurons

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24
Q

most common neuron in CNS

A

mulltipolar neurons

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25
Q

fx: control skeletal muscles

A

multipolar neurons

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26
Q

carry instructions from cns to effectors

A

motor efferent neurons

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27
Q

outnumber all other types of neurons combined

A

interneurons

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28
Q

fx: distribution of sensory info and coordination of motor activity; involved with all higher functions

A

interneurons

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29
Q

carry impulses from sensory receptors to cns

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

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30
Q

are unipolar and cell bodies are located in ganglia

A

sensory neurons

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31
Q

two types of motor neurons

A

somatic motor neurons

visceral motor neurons

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32
Q

innervate skeletall muscles

A

somatic neurons

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33
Q

innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

A

visceral neurons

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34
Q

glial cells

A

neuroglial cells

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35
Q

supporting cells within nervous tissue

A

neuroglial cells

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36
Q

what is the role of the calcium ion in the synapse

A

enters synaptic knob triggering exocytosis of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

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37
Q

chemicals released by one neuron to affect the transmembrane potential of another

A

neurotransmitter

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38
Q

2 classes of neurotransmitter

A

excitatory

inhibitory

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39
Q

causes depolarization and promote generation of action potentials

A

excitatory

40
Q

causes hyper polarization and suppress generation of action potentials

A

inhibitory

41
Q

why is the classification of neurotransmitters not always precise

A

depends on the receptors not really the neurotransmitter- sperm going into woman

42
Q

how many neurotransmitters ID

A

100

43
Q

excitatory at all neuromuscular junctions

A

ACh

44
Q

what effects ACh and what does it do

A

alzheimers- decrease ACh

45
Q

typically excitatory

A

norepinephrine

46
Q

increases arousal, dreaming and mood

A

norepinephrine

47
Q

may be either excitatory or inhibitory

A

dopamine

48
Q

dopamine and parkinson disease

A

decreases-causes stiffness

49
Q

dopamine and nicotine

A

increases -pleasure

50
Q

cocaine and dopamine

A

blocks repute of dopamine-causes a high

51
Q

effects mood and emotional state

A

serotonin

52
Q

inhibitory

A

serotonin

53
Q

depression and serotonin

A

decreases

54
Q

tryptophan and serotonin

A

increases serotonin-causes sleepiness

55
Q

generally inhibitory

A

gaba

56
Q

gaba in CNS

A

decreases anxiety

57
Q

gaba and valium

A

increases receptor binding of gaba

58
Q

how many neuroglial cells are found in CNS

A

4 types

59
Q

how many neuroglial cells are found in PNS

A

2 types

60
Q

fx: act as phagocytes
provide structural framework for neural tissue
help secrete and monitor composition of CSF
control interstitial environment within CNS
myelinate CNS axons

A

FX CNS

61
Q

fx: myelinate axons

regulate interstitial environment around PNS neurons

A

FX PNS

62
Q

2 types of neuroglial cells that myelinate axons

A

oligodendrocytes on CNS axons

schwann cells on PNS axons

63
Q

how do the 2 types of neuroglial cells cover the axon

A

wrap themselves many times around the axon to form many layer along the length of an axon.
this forms lipid rich myelin sheath covering on outside of axon

64
Q

small gaps in axon covering between cells

A

nodes of ranvier

65
Q

axons with myelin sheath?

A

white matter

66
Q

no myelin sheath

A

gray matter

67
Q

why is it white matter

A

because of lipids

68
Q

what causes gray matter

A

unmyelinated nerve fibers, cell bodies, and dendrites form gray matter in CNS

69
Q

myelin coating in CNS demyelinate and forms hard scars that block the underlying neurons from transmitting messages- muscles no longer receive input from motor neurons-stops contracting-atrophy

A

multiple sclerosis

70
Q

autoimmune

A

guiliain-barre syndrome

71
Q

demyelination of peripheral nerves (extremity weakness-paralysis-problems breathing)

A

guiliain-barre syndrome

72
Q

potential electrical difference across a cell membrane- cell membrane is electrically charged polarized

A

transmembrane potential

73
Q

transmembrane potential in an undisturbed/resting cell

A

resting potential

74
Q

the numerical value of the resting potential in a neuron

A

-70 millivolts in neurons

75
Q

why is the numerical value of the resting potential in a neuron negative

A

inside of the cell membrane contains excess of negative ions compared with the outside

76
Q

explain how the resting potential is maintained in a neuron

A

Sodium-potassium pumps move two potassium ions inside the cell as three sodium ions are pumped out to maintain the negatively-charged membrane inside the cell

77
Q

shift of potential to become more positive

A

depolarization

78
Q

what causes depolarization

A

causes from Na+ entering cell

79
Q

restoring potential to normal resting potential

A

repolarizing

80
Q

if potential is becoming more negative

A

hyperpolarizing

81
Q

what causes hypolarizing

A

result from K+ leaving cell

82
Q

when charge is going up

A

threshold

83
Q

graded potential at opposite ends of the cell are linked by a what

A

action potential

84
Q

junction between 2 neurons where nerve impulses travel across to the next neuron

A

the synapse

85
Q

there is a charge across membrane

A

transmembrane potential

86
Q

inside the membrane is more what

A

negative

87
Q

outside the membrane is more what

A

positive

88
Q

whatever is not is a resting state

A

refractory period

89
Q

action potential is relayed from one location to another down an axon

A

propagation

90
Q

which is faster continuous or saltatory and why

A

saltatory- not as many action potential and moves farther in distance quicker

91
Q

the first SSRI

A

prozac

92
Q

collection of neuron cell bodies

A

ganglia

93
Q

passive movement of Na parallel to the inner and outer surfaces of a membrane

A

local current

94
Q

depolarizing

A

Na in

95
Q

repolarizing

A

K out

96
Q

motor neurons is the same as

A

efferent neurons

97
Q

sensory neurons is the same as

A

afferent neurons

anatomy and physiology (10 decks)

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