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anatomy and physiology > ch. 13, 14, 16 > Flashcards

ch. 13, 14, 16 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the enlargements of the spinal cord

A

cervical and lumbar

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2
Q

supplies nerves to shoulder and arms

A

cervical

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3
Q

supplies nerves to pelvis and legs

A

lumbar

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4
Q

what are the two longitudinal grooves of the gross anatomy of the spinal cord

A

posterior median sulcus

anterior median fissure

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5
Q

how many segments are part of the spinal cord

A

31

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6
Q

what comes out of each of these segments

A

each gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves

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7
Q

2 nerve roots that emerge from the spinal cord

A

dorsal root with sensory neurons

ventral root with motor (efferent) neurons

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8
Q

what is contained within a dorsal root ganglion

A

cell bodies of these neurons

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9
Q

what forms a spinal nerve

A

the dorsal w sensory neurons and ventral root w motor neurons

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10
Q

how does the spinal nerve get out from the vertebrae

A

mixed nerves both sensory and motor

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11
Q

what happens after the spinal nerve passes through the vertebrae

A

through intervertebral foramen and branches to form peripheral nerves

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12
Q

provide necessary physical stability
shock absorption
carry blood vessels to deliver nutrients and O2 to spinal cord

A

function of spinal meninges

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13
Q

location of spinal meninges

A

between bone and soft tissue of cord and brain

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14
Q

protective specialized membranes surrounding spinal cord and brain

A

spinal meninges

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15
Q

three layers of spinal meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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16
Q

outermost

A

dura mater

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17
Q

dense collagen fibers so it is very tough

A

dura mater

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18
Q

middle layer

A

arachnoid mater

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19
Q

epidural space- anesthetics injected into this space to block nerve function

A

dura mater

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20
Q

subarachnoid space- under this layer

A

arachnoid mater

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21
Q

filled with CSF

A

arachnoiod mater

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22
Q

innermost

A

pia mater

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23
Q

firmly bound to neural tissue underneath

A

pia mater

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24
Q

very thin and follows contours of spinal cord

A

pia mater

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25
Q

blood vessels servicing spinal cord run along surface of what kind of mater

A

pia mater

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26
Q

what is the subarachnoid space filled with

A

CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)

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27
Q

shock absorber and diffusion medium for dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers and wastes

A

CSF

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28
Q

mostly cell bodies of neurons (interneurons), neuroglia and unmyelinated axons

A

gray matter in the spinal cord

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29
Q

how is the gray matter in the spinal cord structured

A

butterfly shaped with projections (“wings”) called horns

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30
Q

with somatic and visceral sensory neurons

A

posterior horn

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31
Q

somatic motor (efferent) neurons

A

anterior horn

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32
Q

visceral motor (efferent) neurons

A

lateral horn

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33
Q

horizontal bar that connects “wings”; has axons that cross from 1 side of cord to the other

A

gray commissure

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34
Q

contains CSF and is continuous with brain ventricles

A

central canal

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35
Q

bundles of myelinated axons

A

white matter

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36
Q

how is the white matter in the spinal cord structured

A

divided into 3 regions called columns (posterior anterior and lateral)

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37
Q

bundles of axons that are similar and relay the same type of info in the same direction

A

nerve tracts

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38
Q

sends sensory info to the brain

A

ascending tracts

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39
Q

send motor info to the spinal cord

A

descending tracts

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40
Q

region of the skin surface thats monitored by a single pair of spinal nerves

A

deratomes

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41
Q

clinical importance of deratomes?

A

damage or infection of a spinal nerve or dorsal root ganglion will produce a characteristic loss of sensation to its corresponding region of the skin

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42
Q

complex, interwoven networks of nerves and are combinations of spinal nerve branches

A

nerve plexus

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43
Q

what are the four nerve plexus

A

cervical plexus
brachial plexus
lumbar plexus
sacral plexus

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44
Q

innverate muscles of neck and also control diaphragm

A

cervical plexus

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45
Q

innervates shoulder and arms

A

brachial plexus

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46
Q

innervate pelvic area and legs

A

lumbar and sacral plexuses

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47
Q

rapid automatic responses to specific stimuli

A

reflexes

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48
Q

function: preserve homeostasis by making rapid adjustments in the function of organs or organ systems

A

reflexes

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49
Q

2 tips of reflexes

A

spinal and cranial

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50
Q

those processed in spinal cord

A

spinal reflexes

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51
Q

those processed in the brain

A

cranial reflexes

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52
Q

suckling, tracking objects with eyes, chewing, withdrawal reflex

A

innate reflexes

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53
Q

knee-jerk, postural reflexes

A

somatic reflexes

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54
Q

pupillary reflec, respiration, cardiovascular function, swallowing, coughing

A

visceral (autonomic) reflexes

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55
Q
  1. receptor at end of sensory neuron is activated
  2. sensory neuron is activated and carries nerve impulse into CNS via doral root
  3. interneurons processes info and sends it on
  4. motor neuron is activated and carries nerve impulse out of CNS via ventral root
  5. effector (muscles or gland) responds
A

reflex arc

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56
Q

4 major brain regions

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
dicencephalon
brain stem

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57
Q

4 major parts of diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary
pineal

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58
Q

3 parts of the brain stem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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59
Q

4 connected chambers within cerebral hemispheres and brain stem

A

brain chamber ventricles

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60
Q

what are brain chamber ventricles filled with

A

CSF

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61
Q

4 brain ventricles

A

lateral
3rd
4th

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62
Q

within corpus callosum

A

lateral ventricles (right and left)

63
Q

within diencephalon

A

3rd ventricle

64
Q

between brain stem and cerebellum

A

4th ventricle

65
Q

continuously circulates between ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space

A

CSF is located in the nervous system

66
Q

3 cranial meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

67
Q

how is the dura mater different from the spinal dura mater

A

cranial dura mater has 2 layers to it here with outer layer fused to skull interior- no epidural space

68
Q

function of the cranial meninges

A

protection from mechanical forces

stabilizes and supports brain

69
Q

completely surrounds and bathes exposed surfaces of cns

A

CSF

70
Q

how much CSF do we have

A

150 mL

71
Q

cushions CNS structures
supports brain - brain floats in CSF
trnasports nutrients, chemical messengers and wastes

A

function of CSF

72
Q

what is the formation of CSF

A

secreted by tiny masses of specialized neuroglial cells and capillaries

73
Q

where is CSF formed

A

choroid plexus- project into ventricles and empty the CSF there

74
Q

how many cranial nerves originate in the medulla oblongata

A

5

75
Q

how many cranial nerves originate in pons

A

4

76
Q

how many cranial nerves originate in the midbrain

A

2

77
Q

loosely organized mass of gray matter that is throughout the brain stem

A

reticular formation

78
Q

where is reticular formation located

A

medulla oblongata

79
Q

2 reflex centers located in the medulla oblongata

A

cardiovascular center

respiratory rhythmicity centers

80
Q

contains cell bodies of neurons associated with 4 cranial nerves
has centers that control respiratory-rate and death
process and relay info heading to or from cerebellum

A

function of pons

81
Q

reflex movement of eyes, head, and neck

A

reflex responses to visual stimuli

82
Q

reflex movements of head neck and trunk

A

reflex responses to auditory stimuli

83
Q

2 hemispheres connected by vermis in midline

A

cerebellum

84
Q

mostly branching white matter but has a thin layer of gray matter on the surface

A

cerebellum

85
Q

allows the cerebellum to communicate with the rest of CNS via nerve tracts

A

cerebellar peduncles

86
Q

adjusts postural to maintain balance and equilibrium
programs and fine-tines body movements to make them smooth
integrates sensory information from receptors in muscles, tendons, joints, eyes, and ears to help make adjustments as needed

A

cerebellum

87
Q

fx: secretes melatonin

A

pineal gland

88
Q

fx: secretes many hormones

A

pituitary gland

89
Q

central relay point for incoming sensory information and channels them to appropriate regions of cerebral cortex for interpretation
also filters information- only passing on a portion of what arrives

A

thalamus

90
Q

autonomic functions the hypothalamus controls

A

heart rate, bp, respiration, digestive fx

91
Q

2 hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin

92
Q

several structures together (functional grouping)

A

limbic system

93
Q

primarily in the diencephalon

A

limbic system

94
Q

largest region in the brain that has 2 cerebral hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissures

A

cerebrum

95
Q

connected by deep bridges of nerve fibers

A

corpus callosum

96
Q

5 lobes in the cerebrum

A 
insula 
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
97
Q

thin blanket of gray matter that covers cerebrum and contains nearly 75% of all neuron cell bodies in CNS

A

cerebral cortex

98
Q

three axons found in white matter of cerebrum

A

association
commissural
projection

99
Q

interconnect area of cortex within a single hemisphere

A

association fibers

100
Q

interconnect and permit communication between the hemispheres; includes corpus collasum

A

commissural fibers

101
Q

links cerebral cortex to rest of the brain and spinal cord

A

projection fibers

102
Q

primary motor cortex

A

frontal lobe

103
Q

fx. direct voluntary control of skeletal muscles

A

frontal lobe

104
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

parietal lobe

105
Q

fx. receives info of touch, pressure, pain, vibrations, taste, and temp

A

parietal lobe

106
Q

visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

107
Q

fx. receives visual info

A

occipital lobe

108
Q

auditory and olfactory cortex

A

temporal lobe

109
Q

fx. receives info about hearing and smell

A

temporal lobe

110
Q

gustatory cortex

A

insula

111
Q

fx. receives info about taste

A

insula

112
Q

regions of the cortex that interpret incoming data or coordinate a motor response

A

association area

113
Q

fx. monitors activity in the primary sensory cortex

A

somatic sensory association area

114
Q

fx. monitors activity of visual cortex and interprets results

A

visual association area

115
Q

fx. monitors activity of auditory cortex; word recognition occurs here

A

auditory association area

116
Q

fx. coordinates learned movements

A

somatic motor association area

117
Q

areas that receive info from many association areas and direct complex motor activities

A

integrative cortex

118
Q

receives info from all sensory association areas and integrates sensory info and coordinates access to complex visual and auditory memories

A

general interpretive area

wernicke’s area

119
Q

regulates pattern of breathing and vocalization; needed for normal speech

A

speech center (broker’s area)

120
Q

coordinates info from association area of the entire cortex and performs abstract intellectual

A

prefrontal cortex

121
Q

in what hemisphere is the general interpretive area and speech areas found

A

left hemisphere

122
Q

contains general interpretive and speech centers

A

left side

123
Q

responsible for language based skils

A

left side

124
Q

performs analytical tasks

A

left side

125
Q

reading, writing, speaking, math calc, logical decision making

A

left side

126
Q

involved with spatial visualization

A

right side

127
Q

allows identification of objects by touch, smell, sight, taste or feel

A

right side

128
Q

involved with emotions and intuition

A

right side

129
Q

structure that allows the 2 hemispheres to mix

A

corpus callosum

130
Q

how many cranial nerves are there

A

12

131
Q

sensory; smell

A

olfactory

132
Q

sensory; vision

A

optic

133
Q

motor; eye movements (4/6 extra ocular muscles)

A

oculomotor

134
Q

motor; eye movements (only one extra-ocular muscles)

A

trochlear and abducens

135
Q

mixed; sensory- cornea, eyelids, forehead, facial skin, teeth, lips, and gums
motor- chewing muscles

A

trigeminal

136
Q

mixed; sensory-taste

motor- facial expression muscles, lacrimal, and salivary gland secretions

A

facial

137
Q

sensory; balance/equilibrium and hearing

A

vestibulocochlear

138
Q

mixed; sensory-pharynx, tongue, carotid arteries

motor-salivary gland secretions, swallowing/throat muscles

A

glossopharyngeal

139
Q

mixed; sensory-throat, diaphragm, visceral organs of throat and abdomen
motor- speech and swallowing muscles, heart, smooth muscles, and glands of visceral organs of thorax and abdomen

A

vagus

140
Q

motor; muscles of throat, neck, and back

A

accessory

141
Q

motor; move tongue

A

hypoglossal

142
Q

create visceral reflexes with sensory origins from receptors to regulate autonomic activities via motor nerve fibers to visceral effectors

A

ANS

143
Q

adjusts our basic life supports without conscious control

A

ANS

144
Q

what type of nerve fibers are all ANS fibers

A

motor

145
Q

2 divisions of the ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

146
Q

readies body for crisis that may require sudden, intense physical activity; fight or flight

A

sympathetic

147
Q

conserves energy and promotes sedentary activities such as digestion; rest and digest

A

parasympathetic

148
Q

2 regions of the spinal cord that nerve fibers of the sympathetic division originate

A

thoracic and lumbar region

149
Q

2 regions of the spinal cord that nerve fibers of the parasympathetic division originate

A

brain stem and sacral regions

150
Q

2 neurotransmitters used in the sympathetic division

A

ACh

norepinephrine

151
Q

neurotransmitter used in the parasympathetic division

A

ACh

152
Q

2 hormones that play a part in sympathetic division

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

153
Q

what hormones play a part in the parasympathetic division

A

no hormones

anatomy and physiology (10 decks)

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