ch. 1 2 3 4 Flashcards
structures
anatomy
functions
physiology
what is the relationship between anatomy and physiology
they are difficult to separate; form follows function
list in order from least to most complex
chemical cellular tissue organ organ systems organisms
ex of chemical level
atoms->molecules
ex of cellular level
skin cell
ex of tissue level
connective tissue
ex of organ level
stomach
ex of organ system level
digestive system
ex of organism level
human
basic unit of life
cells
existence of a stable internal environment
homeostasis
adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis
homeostatic regulation
what will happen if homeostasis is not preserved
illness and/or death
receives signals about changes in internal environment- causes responses that reverse these changes back to normal range
negative feedback
what does negative feedback do
tends to minimize change
what is an ex of negative feedback
thermoregulation/body temp (thermostat)
an initial stimulus produces a response that enhances or exaggerates the change
positive feedback
produces extreme responses and relatively rare in the body
positive feedback
what is an ex of positive feedback
labor and delivery
study of tissues
histology
cells and cell products organized into layers or groups that perform a relatively limited number of functions
tissues
4 basic types of tissue
epithelial
connective
muscle
nerve/neural
cover internal and external surfaces; forms glands
epithelial
fill internal spaces and provide support for other tissues
connective
provide movement via contractions
muscle
conduct electrical impulses
neural/nerve
cellularity, attachment, avascular, regeneration
4 characteristics of epith
composed of almost entirely of cells bound closely together
cellularity
base of epith is bound to a thin basement membrane
attachment
lack of blood vessels
avascular
cells are continually replaced via divisions of stem cells in the epith
regeneration
physical protection of covered surfaces
control permeability
provide sensation
produce specialized secretions
4 functions of epith
in many epith that line internal passageways
microvilli
funx: increase surface area for increase absorption and secretion
microvilli
where would microvilli be found
small intestine
funx: sweep substances along epith surface
cilia
where would cilia be found
lines trachea
epith cells are firmly attached to one another and to the basement membrane
cell junctions
3 types of cell junctions
tight, gap, desmosomes
prevent diffusion of fluids and solutes between cells
tight junctions
permit free diffusion of ions and small molecules between cells for cells to coordinate with each other
gap junction
very strong and resist stretching and twisting; anchor cells to each other and to the basement membrane
desmosomes
3 types of cell shapes in epith
squamous
cubodial
columnar
found in regions where secretion or absorption occurs; decreases time needed for materials to cross epith
simple epith
generally found in areas that need protection
stratified epith
most delicate epith
simple squamous epith
very protective
stratified squamous epith
unique in that it transitions from thick to thin and back again as it stretches and recoils
transitional epith
possess cilia
pseudostratified columnar epith
6 types of epith
simple squamous epith stratified squamous epith simple cubodial epith transitional epith simple columnar epith pseudostratified columnar epith
lines body cavities enclosing heart, lungs, and guts
mesothelium
lines inner surface of heart and all blood vessels
endothelium
contains keratin- a tough and waterproofing protein
keratinized
ex of keratinized
skins surface
ex of nonkeratinized
esophagus, vagina
what is unique about transitional epith
transitions from thick to thin and back again as it stretches and recoils
ex of transitional epith
urinary bladder
collections of glanular epith
glands
secrete hormones directly into interstitial fluid and/or blood
endocrine
ex of endocrine
pancreas, thyroid, pituitary
release secretions onto epith surfaces via ducts
exocrine
ex of exocrine
tears, sweat, digestive enzymes
3 ways exocrine glands release their secretions
exocytosis
release cytoplasm and secretions
cell bursts and releases secretions
3 types of endocrine glands based on secretions
serous glands
mucous glands
mixed exocrine glands
one unicellular exocrine gland
mucous (goblet) cells
diverse in appearance and funx
highly vascular
never exposed to outside environment
3 characteristics of connective tissue
3 components found in CT
specialized cells
extracellular protein fibers
ground substance
surrounds cells
matrix
establish structural framework for body transport fluids and dissolved materials protect organs support, surround and interconnect other types of cells and tissue store energy
funx of connective tissue
long, straight, unbranched; capable of resisting pulling forces; flexible but very strong
collagen fibers
where are collagen fibers found
tendons and ligaments
thinner; form branching, supporting networks
reticular fibers
ex of reticular fibers
liver and spleen
branched and wavy; easily stretched and resumes shape
elastic fibers
ex of elastic fibers
vocal cords and artery walls
most common connective tissue cell
fibroblasts
make components of ground substance and fibers
fibroblast
engulf pathogens and damaged cells
macrophages
stem cells to divide and differentiate into other connective tissue cells
mesenchymal cells
loose CT adipose reticular dense reg. CT dense irreg. CT elastic ct
CT proper
blood
fluid CT
cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage)
bone
supporting CT
loosely organized; may contain all the cells and fibers
loose ct
mostly adipocytes and is fat
adipose tissue
create 3D supporting framework for cells
reticular tissue
mostly collagen fibers parallel to each other; tightly packed
dense reg. ct
mostly collagen fibers with no consistent pattern
dense irreg ct
mostly elastic fibers
elastic ct
fluid CT with plasma, rbc, wbc, and platelets
blood
matrix is a firm gel
contains chondrocytes
is avascular
different types have different types of fibers
cartilage
3 types of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
physical barriers; line or cover body surfaces; each is an epith supported by CT
membranes
line cavities/passageways that connect with the exterior
mucous membrane
ex of mucous membrane
digestive tract
line sealed internal cavitites of the trunk; decrease friction
serous membrane
ex of serous membrane
pericardium
skin
cutaneous membrane
line cavities of synovial joints
synovial membranes
ex of synovial membrane
between bones
function o muscle tissue
contraction/movement
striated voluntary; produce gross body movements
skeletal
striated involuntary; only in heart
cardiac
nonstriated involuntary; around hollow organs
smooth
where is smooth muscle found
stomach, bladder
specialized for conduction of electrical impulses
neural tissue
what bond is the weakest
hydrogen
storage of fat, formation of scar tissue and assembly of amino acids into larger protein molecules
anabolism
inorganic compounds
co2
h2o
o2
inorganic acids, bases, and salts
a person has acidosis if the blood pH
is below 7.35
all reactions under way in the cells and tissues of the body at any given movement make up its
metabolism
another term for basic is
alkaline
carbohydrate that is most important metabolic fuel in the body
glucose
building blocks of proteins
amino acids
when terminal phosphate bond of atp is broken what is released
energy
two major componenets of cell membrane
phospholipids and proteins
bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded
cell membrane
an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum would result in
steroid hormones
net movement of material from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
diffusion
water flows across a membran toward the solution that has lower concentration of solutes
osmosis
mitosis is to somantic cells as meiosis is to
reproductive cells
formation of a malignant tumor indicates that
mitotic rates of cells are no longer responding to normal control mechanisms
are all the cells of the body except reproductive cells
somantic
where do ribosomes go after rough ER
golgi apparatus
lysosomes contain
digestive enzymes
allowing some substances to pass through
selectively permeable
solution that does not cause an osmotic flow
isotonic
cells engulf liquids by creating a vesicle is called
pinocytosis
maintain tissues by unending cycles of cell division
stem cells
produces atp
mitochondria
synthesizes lipids and carbs
smooth er
interstitual fluid
cytosol
cell drinking
pinocytosis
cell eating
phagocytosis
