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anatomy and physiology > ch. 1 2 3 4 > Flashcards

ch. 1 2 3 4 Flashcards

1
Q

structures

A

anatomy

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2
Q

functions

A

physiology

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3
Q

what is the relationship between anatomy and physiology

A

they are difficult to separate; form follows function

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4
Q

list in order from least to most complex

A 
chemical 
cellular
tissue
organ
organ systems
organisms
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5
Q

ex of chemical level

A

atoms->molecules

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6
Q

ex of cellular level

A

skin cell

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7
Q

ex of tissue level

A

connective tissue

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8
Q

ex of organ level

A

stomach

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9
Q

ex of organ system level

A

digestive system

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10
Q

ex of organism level

A

human

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11
Q

basic unit of life

A

cells

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12
Q

existence of a stable internal environment

A

homeostasis

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13
Q

adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis

A

homeostatic regulation

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14
Q

what will happen if homeostasis is not preserved

A

illness and/or death

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15
Q

receives signals about changes in internal environment- causes responses that reverse these changes back to normal range

A

negative feedback

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16
Q

what does negative feedback do

A

tends to minimize change

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17
Q

what is an ex of negative feedback

A

thermoregulation/body temp (thermostat)

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18
Q

an initial stimulus produces a response that enhances or exaggerates the change

A

positive feedback

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19
Q

produces extreme responses and relatively rare in the body

A

positive feedback

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20
Q

what is an ex of positive feedback

A

labor and delivery

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21
Q

study of tissues

A

histology

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22
Q

cells and cell products organized into layers or groups that perform a relatively limited number of functions

A

tissues

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23
Q

4 basic types of tissue

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nerve/neural

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24
Q

cover internal and external surfaces; forms glands

A

epithelial

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25
Q

fill internal spaces and provide support for other tissues

A

connective

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26
Q

provide movement via contractions

A

muscle

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27
Q

conduct electrical impulses

A

neural/nerve

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28
Q

cellularity, attachment, avascular, regeneration

A

4 characteristics of epith

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29
Q

composed of almost entirely of cells bound closely together

A

cellularity

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30
Q

base of epith is bound to a thin basement membrane

A

attachment

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31
Q

lack of blood vessels

A

avascular

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32
Q

cells are continually replaced via divisions of stem cells in the epith

A

regeneration

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33
Q

physical protection of covered surfaces
control permeability
provide sensation
produce specialized secretions

A

4 functions of epith

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34
Q

in many epith that line internal passageways

A

microvilli

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35
Q

funx: increase surface area for increase absorption and secretion

A

microvilli

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36
Q

where would microvilli be found

A

small intestine

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37
Q

funx: sweep substances along epith surface

A

cilia

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38
Q

where would cilia be found

A

lines trachea

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39
Q

epith cells are firmly attached to one another and to the basement membrane

A

cell junctions

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40
Q

3 types of cell junctions

A

tight, gap, desmosomes

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41
Q

prevent diffusion of fluids and solutes between cells

A

tight junctions

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42
Q

permit free diffusion of ions and small molecules between cells for cells to coordinate with each other

A

gap junction

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43
Q

very strong and resist stretching and twisting; anchor cells to each other and to the basement membrane

A

desmosomes

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44
Q

3 types of cell shapes in epith

A

squamous
cubodial
columnar

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45
Q

found in regions where secretion or absorption occurs; decreases time needed for materials to cross epith

A

simple epith

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46
Q

generally found in areas that need protection

A

stratified epith

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47
Q

most delicate epith

A

simple squamous epith

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48
Q

very protective

A

stratified squamous epith

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49
Q

unique in that it transitions from thick to thin and back again as it stretches and recoils

A

transitional epith

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50
Q

possess cilia

A

pseudostratified columnar epith

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51
Q

6 types of epith

A 
simple squamous epith
stratified squamous epith 
simple cubodial epith
transitional epith
simple columnar epith
pseudostratified columnar epith
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52
Q

lines body cavities enclosing heart, lungs, and guts

A

mesothelium

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53
Q

lines inner surface of heart and all blood vessels

A

endothelium

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54
Q

contains keratin- a tough and waterproofing protein

A

keratinized

55
Q

ex of keratinized

A

skins surface

56
Q

ex of nonkeratinized

A

esophagus, vagina

57
Q

what is unique about transitional epith

A

transitions from thick to thin and back again as it stretches and recoils

58
Q

ex of transitional epith

A

urinary bladder

59
Q

collections of glanular epith

A

glands

60
Q

secrete hormones directly into interstitial fluid and/or blood

A

endocrine

61
Q

ex of endocrine

A

pancreas, thyroid, pituitary

62
Q

release secretions onto epith surfaces via ducts

A

exocrine

63
Q

ex of exocrine

A

tears, sweat, digestive enzymes

64
Q

3 ways exocrine glands release their secretions

A

exocytosis
release cytoplasm and secretions
cell bursts and releases secretions

65
Q

3 types of endocrine glands based on secretions

A

serous glands
mucous glands
mixed exocrine glands

66
Q

one unicellular exocrine gland

A

mucous (goblet) cells

67
Q

diverse in appearance and funx
highly vascular
never exposed to outside environment

A

3 characteristics of connective tissue

68
Q

3 components found in CT

A

specialized cells
extracellular protein fibers
ground substance

69
Q

surrounds cells

A

matrix

70
Q 
establish structural framework for body 
transport fluids and dissolved materials
protect organs
support, surround and interconnect other types of cells and tissue
store energy
A

funx of connective tissue

71
Q

long, straight, unbranched; capable of resisting pulling forces; flexible but very strong

A

collagen fibers

72
Q

where are collagen fibers found

A

tendons and ligaments

73
Q

thinner; form branching, supporting networks

A

reticular fibers

74
Q

ex of reticular fibers

A

liver and spleen

75
Q

branched and wavy; easily stretched and resumes shape

A

elastic fibers

76
Q

ex of elastic fibers

A

vocal cords and artery walls

77
Q

most common connective tissue cell

A

fibroblasts

78
Q

make components of ground substance and fibers

A

fibroblast

79
Q

engulf pathogens and damaged cells

A

macrophages

80
Q

stem cells to divide and differentiate into other connective tissue cells

A

mesenchymal cells

81
Q 
loose CT
adipose
reticular
dense reg. CT
dense irreg. CT
elastic ct
A

CT proper

82
Q

blood

A

fluid CT

83
Q

cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage)

bone

A

supporting CT

84
Q

loosely organized; may contain all the cells and fibers

A

loose ct

85
Q

mostly adipocytes and is fat

A

adipose tissue

86
Q

create 3D supporting framework for cells

A

reticular tissue

87
Q

mostly collagen fibers parallel to each other; tightly packed

A

dense reg. ct

88
Q

mostly collagen fibers with no consistent pattern

A

dense irreg ct

89
Q

mostly elastic fibers

A

elastic ct

90
Q

fluid CT with plasma, rbc, wbc, and platelets

A

blood

91
Q

matrix is a firm gel
contains chondrocytes
is avascular
different types have different types of fibers

A

cartilage

92
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

93
Q

physical barriers; line or cover body surfaces; each is an epith supported by CT

A

membranes

94
Q

line cavities/passageways that connect with the exterior

A

mucous membrane

95
Q

ex of mucous membrane

A

digestive tract

96
Q

line sealed internal cavitites of the trunk; decrease friction

A

serous membrane

97
Q

ex of serous membrane

A

pericardium

98
Q

skin

A

cutaneous membrane

99
Q

line cavities of synovial joints

A

synovial membranes

100
Q

ex of synovial membrane

A

between bones

101
Q

function o muscle tissue

A

contraction/movement

102
Q

striated voluntary; produce gross body movements

A

skeletal

103
Q

striated involuntary; only in heart

A

cardiac

104
Q

nonstriated involuntary; around hollow organs

A

smooth

105
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

stomach, bladder

106
Q

specialized for conduction of electrical impulses

A

neural tissue

107
Q

what bond is the weakest

A

hydrogen

108
Q

storage of fat, formation of scar tissue and assembly of amino acids into larger protein molecules

A

anabolism

109
Q

inorganic compounds

A

co2
h2o
o2
inorganic acids, bases, and salts

110
Q

a person has acidosis if the blood pH

A

is below 7.35

111
Q

all reactions under way in the cells and tissues of the body at any given movement make up its

A

metabolism

112
Q

another term for basic is

A

alkaline

113
Q

carbohydrate that is most important metabolic fuel in the body

A

glucose

114
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

115
Q

when terminal phosphate bond of atp is broken what is released

A

energy

116
Q

two major componenets of cell membrane

A

phospholipids and proteins

117
Q

bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded

A

cell membrane

118
Q

an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum would result in

A

steroid hormones

119
Q

net movement of material from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

diffusion

120
Q

water flows across a membran toward the solution that has lower concentration of solutes

A

osmosis

121
Q

mitosis is to somantic cells as meiosis is to

A

reproductive cells

122
Q

formation of a malignant tumor indicates that

A

mitotic rates of cells are no longer responding to normal control mechanisms

123
Q

are all the cells of the body except reproductive cells

A

somantic

124
Q

where do ribosomes go after rough ER

A

golgi apparatus

125
Q

lysosomes contain

A

digestive enzymes

126
Q

allowing some substances to pass through

A

selectively permeable

127
Q

solution that does not cause an osmotic flow

A

isotonic

128
Q

cells engulf liquids by creating a vesicle is called

A

pinocytosis

129
Q

maintain tissues by unending cycles of cell division

A

stem cells

130
Q

produces atp

A

mitochondria

131
Q

synthesizes lipids and carbs

A

smooth er

132
Q

interstitual fluid

A

cytosol

133
Q

cell drinking

A

pinocytosis

134
Q

cell eating

A

phagocytosis

anatomy and physiology (10 decks)

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