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anatomy and physiology > ch. 15 17 > Flashcards

ch. 15 17 Flashcards

1
Q

2 major types of receptors

A

general senses

special senses

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2
Q

temp, pain, touch, pressure, vibration,and proprioception (body position)

A

general senses

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3
Q

where is info from the general senses sent to

A

primary sensory cortex

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4
Q

where is info from the special senses sent to

A

specific areas of cortex

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5
Q

reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant (and painless) stimulus

A

sensory adaptation

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6
Q

ex of sensory adaptation

A

hot bath water

room with strong odor

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7
Q

2 processes of adaptation

A

peripheral adaptation

central adaptation

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8
Q

level of receptor activity changes- strong responses at first and it gradually declines;
reduced the amount of info that reaches CNS

A

peripheral adaptation

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9
Q

involves inhabitation of responses within CNS

A

central adaptation

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10
Q

how can the higher centers alter receptor sensitivity

A

ex you focus on the sense- heightens awareness “listen carefully”

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11
Q

why is the difference between somatic and visceral receptor

A

location

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12
Q

4 types of general sense receptors

A

thermoreceptors
nociceptors
mechanoreceptors
chemoreceptors

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13
Q

receptor for temp

A

thermoreceptors

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14
Q

receptor for pain

A

nociceptors

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15
Q

receptor for physical distortion

A

mechanoreceptors

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16
Q

receptor for chemical concentration

A

chemoreceptor

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17
Q

located in dermis, skeletal muscles, liver and hypothalamus

A

thermoreceptors

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18
Q

where are temp sensations sent to in the brain

A

reticular formation and thalamus

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19
Q

function of nociceptors

A

protective function

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20
Q

nociceptors are sensitive to what 3 items

A

temp extremes
mechanical damage
dissolved chemicals

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21
Q

2 types of axons that carry painful sensations

A 
fase pain (quickly reach primary sensory cortex- quick conscious attention)
slow pain (burning and aching pain- cause generalized activation of reticular formation and thalamus)
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22
Q

nociceptor adaptation

A

little/no peripheral adaptation

central adaptation may decrease perception of pain

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23
Q

2 chemicals released by the cns in response to excessive pain

A

enkephalins and endorphins

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24
Q

3 type of machanoreceptors

A

tactile receptors
baroreceptors
proprioceptors

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25
Q

detect touch, pressure, and vibration

A

tactile receptors

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26
Q

detect pressure changes in b.v. and in portions of digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts

A

baroreceptors

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27
Q

monitor position of joints, tension in tendons and ligaments and the state of muscular contraction

A

proprioceptors

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28
Q

ex of chemoreceptors in the body

A

pH and CO2 monitored in CSF

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29
Q

what type of tract carries sensory info to the brain

A

sensory/afferent pathways

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30
Q

what type of tract carries motor info to the brain

A

motor/efferent pathways

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31
Q

sense of smell; in nasal cavity

A

olfaction

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32
Q

2 types of cells found in the olfactory epithelium

A

basal cells

olfactory receptor cells

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33
Q

type of stem cells- divide and turn into new receptor cells

A

basal cells

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34
Q

highly modified bipolar neurons with cilia shaped dendrites w receptors on exposed surface

A

olfactory cells

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35
Q

what type of neurons are olfactory receptor cells?

A

bipolar

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36
Q

explain why olfaction is connected to emotion and memories

A

info to the hypothalamus and limbic system explains emotional and behavioral responses and memories triggered by certain smells

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37
Q

what is the effect of aging on olfaction

A

receptor number decreases and remaining receptors become less sensitive with age

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38
Q

sense of taste; taste receptors on surface of tongue and parts of pharynx and larynx

A

gustation

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39
Q

two cells found is taste buds

A

basal cells

gustatory receptor cells

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40
Q

type of stem cells that divide and turn into new receptor cells

A

basal cells

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41
Q

have extensions of microvilli= taste hairs

A

gustatory receptor cells

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42
Q

what only lives about 10 days until they are replaced

A

gus. receptor cells

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43
Q

what is the connection of smell and taste

A

level of stimulus of olfactory receptors play large role in taste perception (things taste better when you can smell them)

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44
Q

6 taste sensations

A 
sweet
salty
sour
bitter
water
umami
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45
Q

why do certain taste sensations are triggered more than others

A

threshold for receptor stimulus varies with each primary taste; respond more readily to unpleasant than to pleasant stimuli

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46
Q

which taste sensations are triggered more than others

A

bitter (toxins) and sour (acids) are triggered first- cause harm
it is for protection/survival

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47
Q

what is the effect of aging on taste buds

A

decrease taste buds ; elderly may find food bland and unappetizing

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48
Q

eye accessory structures

A

eyelids
lacrimal caruncle
conjunctiva
lacrimal apparatus

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49
Q

fx. blinking- keeps eye surface lubricated and remove dust and debris

A

eyelids

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50
Q

another name for eyelid

A

palpebrae

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51
Q

soft tissue in corner of eye

fx. makes eye boogers -thick secretions

A

lacrimal caruncle

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52
Q

epith covering of inner surfaces of eyelids and outer surface of eye

A

conjunctiva

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53
Q

fx. secretes tears

A

lacrimal apparatus

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54
Q

decrease friction; remove debris; prevent bacterial infection via antibacterial enzyme-lysozyme; provides nutrients and O2 to portions of cornea

A

tears secreted in the lacrimal apparatus

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55
Q

prevent bacterial infection via antibacterial enzyme

A

lysozyme

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56
Q

3 layers/tunics of the eye

A

outer fibrous layer
intermediate vascular layer
inner neural layer

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57
Q

mechanical support and some protection
attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles
contains structures that assist in focusing

A

fx of fibrous layer

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58
Q

white of the eye

A

sclera

59
Q

tough, outermost covering

A

sclera

60
Q

transparent anterior portion of sclera

A

cornea

61
Q

has no blood vessels and is quite sensitive (many free nerve endings)

A

cornea

62
Q

fx. is window of eye and helps focus entering light rays

A

cornea

63
Q 
choroid 
colliery body
suspensory ligaments
iris
pupil
A

vascular layer

64
Q

vascular layer between sclera and retina

A

choroid

65
Q

many capillaries to deliver o2 and nutrients to retina

A

choroid

66
Q

forms inner ring around front of eye

A

ciliary body

67
Q

secretes aqueous humor

A

ciliary body

68
Q

extend inward from cilia body

A

suspensory ligaments

69
Q

fx. holds lens in place

A

suspensory ligaments

70
Q

colored portion of eye that contains 2 layers of smooth muscle

A

iris

71
Q

fx. control light intensity entering eye

A

iris

72
Q

central opening of iris that changes sizes via iris muscle

A

pupil

73
Q

fx. opening that light passes through as it enters eye

A

pupil

74
Q

inner lining of eyeball and has two layers

A

retina

75
Q

what are the two layers of the retina

A

outermost- pigmented (absorbs light)

inner- contains photoreceptors

76
Q

why is the fovea the site of the sharpest vision

A

contains no rods and very increase of cones

77
Q

where is the blind spot located

A

optic disk (optic nerve head)

78
Q

why do we have a blind spot

A

no receptor cells

79
Q

origin of optic nerve in back of eye

A

optic disc

80
Q

2 cavities in the eye

A

anterior and posterior cavity

81
Q

between cornea and lens and is filled with aqueous humor

A

anterior cavity

82
Q

nourishes cornea and lens
forms fluid cushion
maintains shape of front of eye

A

fx of anterior cavity

83
Q

interior or eyeball that is filled with vitreous humor

A

posterior cavity

84
Q

fx. stabilizes shape of eye

A

posterior cavity

85
Q

transparent and elastic

A

lens

86
Q

fx. focus visual images on the photoreceptors via changing shape (accommodation)

A

lens

87
Q

focus visual images on the photoreceptors via changing shape

A

accommodation

88
Q

lens rounder

A

nearby objects

89
Q

lens flattened

A

distant objects

90
Q

lens loses transparency and becomes cloudy and opaque

A

cataract

91
Q

2 photoreceptors found in the retina

A

rods and cones

92
Q

very sensitive to light - night vision

A

rods

93
Q

black and white vision

A

rods

94
Q

see only general outlines

A

rods

95
Q

conc is highest on periphery of retina

A

rods

96
Q

why do rods only see general outlines

A

many rod nerve fibers converge and transmit impulses to brain on same nerve fiber

97
Q

color vision

A

cones

98
Q

sharp images and fine detail

A

cones

99
Q

increase conc at fovea - detail vision

A

cones

100
Q

decrease conc at periphery of retina

A

cones

101
Q

why do cones have sharp images and fine details

A

nerves don’t coverge like rods- can pinpoint stimulation accurately

102
Q

a visual pigment

A

rhodopsin

103
Q

where are rhodopsin located

A

in rods

104
Q

what happens to rhodopsin in bright light

A

it breaks down; decomposes

105
Q

what happens to rhodopsin in dim light

A

regenerated faster than its broken down; dark adapted

106
Q

protein made of vitamin A

A

rhodopsin

107
Q

where is color vision

A

in cones

108
Q

what are the three types of cones

A

blue
green
red

109
Q

occur through integration of info arriving from al 3 types of cones

A

color discrimination

110
Q

one or more types of cones are nonfunctional

A

color blindness

111
Q

what is the most common blindness

A

red green color blindness (red cones are missing)

112
Q

3 regions of the ear

A

external ear
middle ear
internal ear

113
Q

collects and directs sound waves

A

external ear

114
Q

collect sound waves and transmit them to

A

middle ear

115
Q

contains sensory organs for hearing and equilibrium

A

internal ear

116
Q

pinna

A

auricle

117
Q

fx. provides directional sensitivity

A

auricle

118
Q

fleshly and cartilaginous outer ear

A

auricle

119
Q

auditory canal

A

external acoustic meatus

120
Q

channels sound toward

A

external acoustic meatus

121
Q

eardrum

A

tympanic membrane

122
Q

thin delicate sheet that separates external and middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

123
Q

fx. vibrates with incoming sound waves

A

tympanic membrane

124
Q

glands in skin of external acoustic meatus

A

ceruminous glands

125
Q

fx. secrete ear wax

A

cerumen glands

126
Q

tympanic cavity

A

middle ear

127
Q

permits equalization of pressures on either side of tympanic membrane

A

auditory tube

128
Q

what is the cause of otitis media

A

auditory tube allows microorganisms into middle ear

129
Q

what are the auditory ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

130
Q

fx. carries vibrations of sound waves

A

auditory ossicles

131
Q

where are the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

A

internal ear

132
Q

structures are surrounded by this bony structure (has receptors for hearing and equilibrium)

A

bony labyrinth

133
Q

interconnected network of fluid filled tubes; inside of bony labyrinth and surrounded by fluid (perilymph)

A

membranous labyrinth

134
Q

3 parts of the bony labyrinth

A

vestibule
3 semicircular canals
cochlea

135
Q

fx. have receptors that provide sensations of gravity and linear acceleration

A

vestibule

136
Q

fx. have receptors that are stimulated by rotation of the head

A

3 semicircular canals

137
Q

fx. have receptors for hearing

A

cochlea

138
Q

what is the significance of there being 3 semicircular ducts

A

each responding to one of the three rotational planes (anterior, posterior, and lateral)

139
Q

where in the brain is equilibrium information is sent

A

on the vestibulocochlear nerve is sent to cerebellum and cerebral cortex

140
Q

what is inside the cochlea

A

cochlear duct with spiral organ (organ of corti) which sits on basilar membrane

141
Q

where are the hair cells

A

sit on basilar membrane and these hairs move against tectorial membrane and will cause sensory impulse

142
Q

high frequency

A

short wavelength - vibrate nearer to oval window

143
Q

low frequency

A

long wavelength- vibrate farther away from oval window

anatomy and physiology (10 decks)

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