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anatomy and physiology > ch. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 > Flashcards

ch. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Flashcards

1
Q

2 major components of the integumentary system

A

cutaneous membrane

accessory structures

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2
Q

epidermis and dermis (and hypodermis)

A

cutaneous membrane

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3
Q

hair, nails, sebaceous glands and sweat glands

A

accessory structures

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4
Q 
protect of underlying tissues and organs 
excrete salts, h2o, and organic wastes by glands
help maintain body temp
produce melanin 
product keratin
make vitamin D
store lipids 
detect touch, pressure, pain and temp
A

fx of skin

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5
Q

what type of tissue makes up the epidermis

A

stratified squamous epith

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6
Q

what is the vascularity of the epidermis

A

avascular- but deepest cells rely on diffusion of nutrients and o2 from capillaries within dermis

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7
Q

4 layers of the epidermis

A

stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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8
Q

on top
15-30 layers of cells
dead cells and are easily rubbed away

A

stratum corneum

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9
Q

3-5 layers of cells - thinner and flatter with keratin

A

stratum granulosum

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10
Q

thick layer (8-10 layers of cells)

A

stratum spinosum

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11
Q

what is stratum basale also known as

A

germinativum

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12
Q

deepest layer- next to basement membrane
tightly bound to dermis
much mitosis here via stem cells

A

stratum basale

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13
Q

what skin has 5 layers of skin

A

stratum granulosum

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14
Q

how long do skin cells live

A

7-10 days

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15
Q

how long does skin take to move through its life cycle

A

dead cells stay in stratum corner for additional 2 weeks before they are shed or washed away

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16
Q

tough fibrous proteins

A

keratin

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17
Q

where is keratin found

A

within stratum granulosum

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18
Q

basic structural component of hair and nails

A

keratin

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19
Q

where is keratin made

A

stratum corner cells are keratinized-have protective, hardened, superficial layer of cells filled w keratin (water resistant)

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20
Q

another word for keratinized

A

cornified

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21
Q

2 pigments naturally found in the epidermis

A

carotene

melanin

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22
Q

yellow orange pigment found in orange vegetables

can accumulate in epidermal cells and hypodermic

A

carotene

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23
Q

what color is melanin

A

brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment

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24
Q

what cells produce melanin

A

melanocytes in stratum basale

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25
Q

melanosomes and these travel up epidermis

A

package it in vesicles

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26
Q

pale skin?

A

melanosomes don’t travel very far up

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27
Q

darker skin?

A

melanosomes are larger and travel farther up

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28
Q

what is the difference in skin pigmentation

A

no difference in number of melanocytes just depends on levels of how much melanin is made

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29
Q

fx. protect deeper cells from UV radiation; melanocytes increase their activity in response to UV exposure

A

melanin

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30
Q

how does the fx of melanin relate to tanning

A

melanin protects us from UV rays until it can no longer protect us, causing us to burn

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31
Q

blod contains RBC’s filled with hemoglobin which binds and transports o2

A

dermal circulation

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32
Q

lots of o2 in dermal circulation

A

hemoglobin in bright red and skin appears reddish

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33
Q

drop in o2

A

hemoglobin is darker red and skin appears pale and/or bluish (cyanosis)

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34
Q

what is cyanosis

A

when skin appears blue

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35
Q

if dermal blood vessels dilated?

A

appear flushed and occurs with increase body temp to assist body to lose excess heat

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36
Q

if dermal blood vessels constricted

A

appear pale and occurs with decrease body temp to decrease heat loss

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37
Q

what vitamin is produced in the skin

A

vitamin D

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38
Q

vitamin d is produced when the skin is exposed to what

A

UV radiation

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39
Q

hormone that is needed for the normal absorption of calcium and phosphorus by the small intestine; needed for bone maintenance and growth

A

fx. of vitamin d

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40
Q

epidermal cells of stratum spinosum and stratum basal make what

A

vitamin d

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41
Q

besides the skin producing vitamin d where else is vitamin d obtained

A

obtained from diet

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42
Q

2 types of tissues that make up the dermis

A

areolar tissue

dense irregular conn tissue

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43
Q

2 types of fibers found in the dermis

A

collagen fibers

elastic fibers

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44
Q

very strong and resist stretching

A

collagen fibers

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45
Q

permit stretching and recoil

A

elastic fibers

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46
Q

what causes wrinkles and sagging skin

A

aging, hormones and increased UV radiation exposure permanently decreases amount of elastin in dermis

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47
Q

supply blood to both dermis and hypodermic

A

dermal blood vessels

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48
Q

fx. supply nutrients and o2 to dermis, deep cells if epidermis and hypodermis
helps regulate body temp

A

dermal blood vessels

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49
Q

3 types of sensory receptors found in the skin

A

sensory neurons
tactile (meissner) corpuscle
laminated (pacinian) corpuscle

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50
Q

for pain, touch, and temp

A

sensory neurons

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51
Q

for light touch; most abundant in eyelids, lips, fingertips, nips, and external genitalia

A

meissner corpuscle

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52
Q

for deep pressure

A

pacinian corpuscle

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53
Q

another name for hypodermis

A

subcutaneous layer

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54
Q

consists of blood vessels
areolar tissue
adipose tissue

A

components of hypodermis

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55
Q

fx. extra insulation, help decrease heat loss, energy reserve, shock absorber

A

hypodermis

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56
Q

where on the skin hair is not found

A

sides and soles of feet, palms of hands, sides of fingers and toes, lips and portions of external genitalia

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57
Q

where is 75% of hair is found

A

on general body surface

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58
Q

portion of hair that we see from surface

A

hair shaft

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59
Q

a tube where hair develops

A

hair follicle

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60
Q

portion of hair that anchors hair into skin

A

hair root

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61
Q

sensory nerves surrounding base of each hair follicle

A

root hair plexus

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62
Q

bundle of smooth muscle which is connected to hair follicle

A

arrector pili muscle

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63
Q

fx. contracts with cold, fear, and rage

A

arrector pili muscle

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64
Q

why do old people bruise easily

A

don’t have hypodermis layer and have thin skin

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65
Q

another name for bruising

A

contusion

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66
Q

how is hair produced

A

begins at base of hair follicle
mitosis occurs producing cells that are gradually pushed toward the surface and hair grows longer
as cells move away from base, they die and keratinization is complete by the time hair reaches surface

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67
Q

what happens during the hair growth cycle

A

hair grows and sheds

hair on scalp grows for 2-5 years at rate of .33mm/day

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68
Q

what happens at the end of the hair growth cycle

A

follicle becomes inactive and hair is loose

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69
Q

2 types of hair

A

vellus hair

terminal hair

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70
Q

heavy and more deeply pigmented

A

terminal hair

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71
Q

peach fuzz located over much of body surface

A

vellus hair

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72
Q

where is terminal hair located

A

hair on head, eyebrows, eyelashes

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73
Q

where is vellus hair located

A

armpits, pubic area, and limbs UNTIL PUBERTY (then becomes terminal hairs)

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74
Q

what causes different hair colors

A

differences in structure and variations in pigment produced by melanocytes at hairs base (different forms of melanin)

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75
Q

how is hair color determined

A

genetically

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76
Q

how does chemical hair coloring work

A

disrupt hair cuticle and permit dyes to enter and stain inside of hair

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77
Q

discharge an oily lipid secretion (sebum) into hair follicles

A

sebaceous (oil) glands

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78
Q

fx. inhibits bacterial growth
lubricates and protects keratin of hair shaft
conditions surrounding skin
gland activity increases at puberty in response to increase levels of sex hormones

A

sebaceous glands

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79
Q

location of sebaceous gland

A

hair follicles

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80
Q

another name for sebaceous gland

A

oil gland

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81
Q

another name for sweat gland

A

sudoriferous gland

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82
Q

2 types of sweat glands

A

apocrine sweat glands

merocrine sweat glands

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83
Q

in armpits, around nipples, and in pubic region

A

apocrine sweat glands

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84
Q

coiled, tubular glands

A

merocrine sweat glands

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85
Q

secrete a thick sweat into hair follicles

A

apocrine sweat glands

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86
Q

discharge their secretions directly onto surface of skin

A

merocrine sweat glands

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87
Q

begin to fx at puberty

A

apocrine glands

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88
Q

much more numerous and widely distributed

A

merocrine glands

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89
Q

main fx. cool surface of skin via evaporation of sweat

A

merocrine glands

90
Q

product is potentially odorous esp when bacteria feed on sweat

A

apocrine gland

91
Q

visible portion

A

nail body

92
Q

epidermis covered by nail body

A

nail bed

93
Q

nail production occurs here

A

nail root

94
Q

as basale cell activity decreases

A

epidermis thins

95
Q

connections between epidermis and dermis weakens

A

more prone to injury, skin tears, and infections

96
Q

decrease in calcium and phosphorus absorption

A

decrease in bone strength and density

97
Q

melanocyte activity decreases

A

skin pales and more likely to get sunburned

98
Q

oil gland activity decreased

A

skin becomes dry and scaly

99
Q

sweat gland activity decrease

A

cannot lose heat well; easily overheat

100
Q

blood supply in dermis decrease

A

skin becomes cool and person feels cold

101
Q

thin gray/white hair

A

hair follicles stop functioning

102
Q

dermis and hypodermis thins and elastic fibers

A

skin is weaker, less resilient, sags, and wrinkles

103
Q 
fx. support
storage of minerals and lipids
blood cell production
protection
leverage
A

fx of skeletal system

104
Q

6 bone shapes

A 
long bones
flat bones
irregular bones
short bones
sutural bones
sesamoid bones
105
Q

fingers

A

long bones

106
Q

rips, scapulae

A

flat bones

107
Q

vertebrae, facial

A

irregular bones

108
Q

tarsals, carpals

A

short bones

109
Q

small irregularly shaped bones between flat bones of the skull

A

sutural bones

110
Q

develop inside tendons and are most commonly located near joints at knees, hands, and feet

A

sesamoid bones

111
Q

only sesamoid bone everyone has

A

patella

112
Q

what is the function of bumps in bones

A

places for attachments of muscles, tendons, and ligaments

113
Q

what is the function of holes in bones

A

passageways for blood vessels and nerves

114
Q

compact bone

A

diaphysis

115
Q

primarily spongy bone

A

epiphysis

116
Q

hollow tube within dialysis filled with yellow bone marrow

A

medullary cavity

117
Q

2 major components of bone matrix

A

calcium phosphate and collagen fibers

118
Q

makes up 2/3 weight of bone

A

calcium phosphate

119
Q

very hard relatively inflexible and brittle

A

calcium phosphate

120
Q

1/3 weight of bone

A

collagen fibers

121
Q

strong, flexible and tough; can easily tolerate twisting and bending

A

collagen fibers

122
Q

can withstand compression but likely to shatter when bent twisted or sudden impacts

A

calcium phosphate

123
Q

what is the interactions of the 2 matrix of bone

A

allow bone to be strong and somewhat flexible and highly resistant to shattering

124
Q

4 cells that are in bones

A

osteocytes
osteoblasts
osteogenic cells
osteclasts

125
Q

mature bone cells that account for most cell production ; have cytoplasmic extensions that reach through canaliculi

A

osteocytes

126
Q

fx. maintain protein and mineral context of matrix

participate in repair of damaged bone

A

osteocytes

127
Q

produce new bone matrix by making and releasing proteins and other organic components of matrix; build bone

A

osteoblasts

128
Q

these divide to make daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

A

osteogenic cells

129
Q

secrete acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix and release the stored minerals

A

osteoclasts

130
Q

what is osteocytes relationship with lacunae

A

each osteocyte occupies a lacunae

131
Q

what is osteocytes relationship with canaliculi

A

neighboring osteocytes are linked to each other through canaliculi to exchange nutrients, ions and small molecules with each other

132
Q

in wall of diaphysis and is solid and strong

A

compact bone

133
Q

matrix forms struts and plates called trabaculae; red bone marrow found between trabaculae

A

spongy bone

134
Q

decrease weight of skeleton
allows stresses applied from many directions
supports and protects cells of red bone marrow

A

fx of spongy bone

135
Q

structures in compact bone

A

osteon
central canal
perforating canal

136
Q

basic functional unit and are cemented together; run parallel to long axis of shaft (more force applied to ends)

A

osteon

137
Q

center of osteon and has blood vessels

A

central canal

138
Q

run perpendicular to length of bone and has blood vessels; interconnect osteons, medullary cavity, and bones surface

A

perforating canal

139
Q

2 types of bone marrow

A

yellow and red

140
Q

in epiphysis of long bones and interior of sternum and ileum

A

red bone marrow

141
Q

in medullary cavity and in some spongy bone; with age this replaces red marrow and it can be converted back to red if needed

A

yellow bone marrow

142
Q

covers superficial layer of compact bone and is interwoven w tendons that are attached to bone; fibrous outer layer and cellular inner layer

A

periosteum

143
Q

cellular layer that lines medullary cavity; layer of osteogenic cells

A

endosteum

144
Q

process of bone formation

A

ossification

145
Q

what type of tissue do most bones begin as

A

hyaline cartilage

146
Q

what is the function of appositional growth

A

type of growth allows for bone diameter to increase

147
Q

main blood vessels that serve our bones

A

nutrient artery and vein

148
Q

how does the main blood vessels enter the bone

A

through a nutrient foramina is the diaphysis and then branches

149
Q

process of continuously recycling and renewing the organic and mineral components of the bone matrix

A

remodeling

150
Q

2 parts of bone remodeling

A

older mineral deposits are removed from bone and released into the circulation
circulating minerals are absorbed and deposited into bone

151
Q

what is the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling

A

as quickly as osteoblasts form one osteon, osteoclasts remove another

152
Q

with exercise

A

bones become thicker and stronger

153
Q

without exercise

A

bones become thin and brittle

154
Q

4 major hormones in bone development

A

calcitrol
growth hormone
thyroxine
sex hormones

155
Q

from kidneys; needed for normal Ca and P absorption in digestive tract

A

calcitrol

156
Q

from pituitary gland; stimulates reproduction of cartilage cells in epiphyseal cartilage

A

growth hormone

157
Q

from thyroid gland; increase rate of osteoblast activity

A

thyroxine

158
Q

from testes and ovaries; stimulates osteoblasts to produce bone faster than the rate at which epiphyseal cartilage explains

A

sex hormones

159
Q

5 major vitamins and minerals that affect bone development

A

vit D
Ca and P
vit C
vit A

160
Q

proper absorption of Ca and P

A

vit D

161
Q

REQUIRED FOR COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS

A

vit c

162
Q

stimulates osteoblast activity esp in children

A

vit A

163
Q

importance of calcium ions in the body

A

99% is in skeleton and most abundant mineral in the body

164
Q

the significance of bones to maintain calcium ion homeostasis

A

vital role in nerve impulses, muscle contractions, and blood clotting

165
Q

2 hormones that maintain calcium ion homeostasis

A 
parathyroid hormone (from parathyroid gland)
parathyroid gland (from thyroid gland)
166
Q

3 target sites and their fx

A

bones (storage)
digestive tract (absorption)
kidneys (excretion)

167
Q

crack or break in a bone

A

fractures

168
Q

how does a fracture heal

A

external callus; osteoclasts and blasts remodel the region from 4 mo-a year; when heal the callus is gone

169
Q

fracture is internal; no break in skin

A

closed

170
Q

fracture projects through skin; may lead to infection or uncontrolled bleeding

A

open

171
Q

bone shatters

A

comminuted

172
Q

only 1 side of shaft is broken and the other side is bent; occurs more in kids

A

green stick

173
Q

break of a bone across its long axis

A

transverse

174
Q

produce new and abnormal bone arrangements

A

displaced

175
Q

break at the epiphyseal cartilage

A

epiphyseal

176
Q

usually a very small sliver or crack in the bone

A

stress

177
Q

how many bones do we have

A

206

178
Q

has 80 bones

A

axial

179
Q

has 126 bones

A

appendicular

180
Q 
skull 22
hyoid 1
auditory ossicles 6
vertebral column 26
thoracic cage 25
A

axial skeleton

181
Q

pectoral girdle 4
pelvic girdle 2
upper limbs 60
lower limbs 60

A

appendicular skeleton

182
Q

swirling throws particles against the sticky mucus on the walls of the nasal cavity
slows air movement to increase time for warming, humidification and dust removal
directs air toward olfactory receptors at the top of cavity

A

fx of nasal conchae

183
Q

4 sets of paranasal sinuses

A

frontal
sphenoidal
ethmoidal
maxillary

184
Q

fx. lighten the skull

provide extensive area of mucous epith

A

paranasal sinuses

185
Q

fibrous areas between cranial bones and infantile skull

A

fontaneles

186
Q

fx/ allow distortion of skull so it can pass through birth canal without damage

A

fontaneles

187
Q

3 regions of the vertebrae

A

cervical 7
thoracic 12
lumbar 5

188
Q

why do the vertebral bodies get larger as you move down the column

A

they enlarge since there is more for them to support

189
Q

actually 5 fused vertebrae

A

sacrum

190
Q

actually 3-5 fused vertebrae

A

coccyx

191
Q

ribs

A

12 pairs

192
Q

3 regions of the ribs

A

first 7- true ribs
next 3- false ribs
last 2- floating ribs

193
Q

connected to sternum directly

A

true ribs

194
Q

connected to sternum indirectly via merged costal cartilages

A

false ribs

195
Q

not connected to sternum

A

floating ribs

196
Q

another name for articulation

A

joints

197
Q

where 2 bones interconnect

A

articulation

198
Q

by amount of movement possible and type of tissue that binds bones together

A

fx of joints

199
Q

3 types of joints

A

synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis

200
Q

immovable

A

synarthrosis

201
Q

slightly movable

A

amphiarthrosis

202
Q

freely movable

A

diarthrosis

203
Q

very strong joints; movement between bones must be prevented (bones are close)

A

synarthrosis

204
Q

two types of synarthrosis

A

fibrous and cartilaginous

205
Q

dense connective tissue connects

A

fibrous in synarthrosis and amphiarthrosis

206
Q

between bones of skull

A

suture

207
Q

teeth in jaw

A

gomphosis

208
Q

hyaline cart connects

A

cartilaginous of syn

209
Q

fibrocartilage pad connects

A

cartilaginous of amp

210
Q

ex of cartil in synarthrosis

A

synchondrosis - long bones and ribs to sternum

211
Q

ex of fibrous amp

A

syndesmosis- distal end of tibia and fibula

212
Q

ex of cart in amp

A

symphysis- between vertebra and symphysis pubis

213
Q

synovial joints

A

diarthrosis

214
Q

3 basic components of every synovial joint

A

articular cartilage
joint capsule
synovial membrane

215
Q

hyaline cartilage covering of bone ends; decreases friction

A

articular cartilage

216
Q

holds bone together

A

joint capsule

217
Q

within joint cavity and within bursae

A

synovial fluid

218
Q

lubrication
nutrient distribution
shock absorption

A

synovial fluid

219
Q

small closed synovial fluid filled sacs located where a tendon or a ligament rubs against other tissues

A

bursa

220
Q

tough, strong connective tissue structures that connect bones to bones

A

ligaments

221
Q

fibrocartilage pad between bones within a synovial joint

A

meniscus

222
Q

localized masses of fat to protect articular cartilage and act as packing material for the joint

A

fat pads

anatomy and physiology (10 decks)

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