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anatomy and physiology > ch. 10 11 > Flashcards

ch. 10 11 Flashcards

1
Q 
produce skeletal movement
maintain posture and body position 
support soft tissues
guard entrance and exits 
maintain body temp
store nutrients reserves
A

6 functions of the skeletal muscular system

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2
Q

how is skeletal muscle an organ

A

composition: skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissues, nerves, and blood vessels

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3
Q

skeletal muscle cells

A

muscle fiber

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4
Q

made of a bundle of muscle fibers (cells)

A

fascicles

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5
Q

surrounds entire muscle

A

epimysium

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6
Q

surrounds fascicles

A

perimysium

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7
Q

surrounds individual muscle fibers

A

endomysium

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8
Q

separates muscle from other tissues and organs

A

epimysium

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9
Q

also contains blood vessels and nerves

A

perimysium

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10
Q

contains capillaries and nerve fibers; both of which are in direct contact with each cell

A

endomysium

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11
Q

what is the epimysium also known as

A

fascia

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12
Q

continuation of collagen fibers of connective tissue coverings beyond end of muscle; cordlike

A

tendon

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13
Q

similar to tendon but is a broad sheet of CT that attaches a broad, flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones

A

aponeurosis

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14
Q

quite different than typical cells
enormous
cylindrical and is within endomysin
multinucleated

A

characteristics of skeletal muscle fibers

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15
Q

cell membrane

A

sarcolemma

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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

sarcoplasm

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17
Q

tubes- continuous w sarcolemma

A

transverse tubules

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18
Q

open to outside of muscle fiber

A

transverse tubules

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19
Q

tubular network that cover each myofibril

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

lie between 2 portions of sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

transverse tubules

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21
Q

are enlarged portions near T tubules that store calcium

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

contain extracelluar fluid and form passageways through the muscle fiber

A

transverse tubules

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23
Q

what ion does sarcoplasmic reticulum store

A

calcium

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24
Q

cylindrical structures inside muscle fibers; actively shorten and are responsible for muscle fiber contractions

A

myofibrils

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25
Q

2 kinds of protein filaments found in myofibrils

A

actin and myosin

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26
Q

thick filaments

A

myosin

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27
Q

thin filaments

A

actin

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28
Q

repeating functional units produced from the organized filaments in a myofibril

A

sarcomeres

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29
Q

arrangement of the filaments account for the banded appearance of myofibrils and thus muscle fibers

A

striations

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30
Q

has head and tail

A

myosin

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31
Q

contains active site that binds to myosin

A

actin

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32
Q

sliding filament theory

A

thin filaments slide toward center of sarcomere; alongside the thick filaments

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33
Q

each skeletal muscle fiber is connected to a motor neuron and will contract only when stimulated by neuron

A

neuromuscular junction

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34
Q

site where they meet

A

NMJ

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35
Q

this cytoplasm contains vessicles filled with ACh

A

synaptic terminal

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36
Q

a chemical released by a neuron to change the permeability to another cell membrane

A

neurotransmitter

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37
Q

separates synaptic terminal of neuron and sarcolemma surface of a muscle fiber

A

synaptic cleft

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38
Q

sarcolemma surface

A

motor end plate

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39
Q

steps of skeletal muscle innervation

A

action potential/electrical impluse arrives at synaptic terminals.
triggers exocytosis of ACh from vesicles into synaptic cleft.
ACh diffuse across cleft and binds to receptors on motor end plate.
Na+ rushing in causes action potential/electrical impulse in the sarcolemma and this enters T tubules.
ACh is broken down by AChE within cleft-intervention is stopped and ready for another action potential.

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40
Q

steps of the citation contraction cycle

A

action potential moves along T tubules
into SR triggering release of Ca2+ from the SR
into sarcoplasm around myofibrils

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41
Q

what role does calcium ions play in contraction

A

it causes active sites on actin to be exposed

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42
Q

what is the interaction of actin and myosin in a contraction

A

myosin binds with active sites of actin and forms cross bridges.
myosin head bends and pulls actin filament with it

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43
Q

all muscle fibers of a motor unit contract simultaneously and completely when stimulated

A

motor units

44
Q

what determines the size of a motor unit

A

of how fine the control of movement can be

45
Q

what has all or none contractions

A

motor units

46
Q

what does all or none mean

A

the whole muscle contracts completely

47
Q

smooth but steady increase in muscular tension produced by increasing the number of active motor units

A

recruitment

48
Q

what is the relationship between motor units and an entire muscle as it contracts

A

motor units take turns so that one can rest while another contract- sustained contraction without fatigue and muscle is contracting slightly less than maximal tension

49
Q

what causes muscle tone

A

some motor units are always active when entire muscle isn’t contracting; active motor unit contractions don’t cause movement but muscle is tense and firm

50
Q

resting tension

A

muscle tone

51
Q

why don’t muscles fatigue while showing muscle tone

A

motor units take turns to produce the muscle tone

52
Q

muscle shorten when contracted

A

isotonic

53
Q

muscle contracts but doesn’t change length

A

isometric

54
Q

name two ways ATP energy is stored for muscle use

A

ATP ADP + P + ENERGY

ATP CREATINE ADP + CP

55
Q

2 ways ATP is generated within muscles

A

aerobic metabolism

anaerobic metabolism

56
Q

requires oxygen

A

aerobic

57
Q

occurs in mitochondria

A

aerobic

58
Q

occurs in sarcoplasm

A

anaerobic

59
Q

end produces 36 atp

A

aerobic

60
Q

end produces 2 atp

A

anaerobic

61
Q

commonly found in muscle fibers and is a short term storage form of glucose

A

glycogen

62
Q

what does glycogen do

A

used to produce glucose

63
Q

where does atp come from in a resting muscle

A

oxygen is abundant for this low demand so mitochondria meet and exceed need for atp

64
Q

where does atp come from in a moderate level of activity muscle

A

demand is met by mitochondria and oxygen increase- still using aerobic metabolism to make atp

65
Q

where does atp come from in peak levels of activity

A

mitochondria make atp but it isn’t enough since not a lot of oxygen to sustain aerobic metabolism; rest of atp is made via glycolysis

66
Q

how and when is lactic acid produced

A

when glycolsis its very efficient

67
Q

what can accumulation of lactic acid cause

A

inhibit muscles to continue contracting because of ph shift in cell

68
Q

what happens to lactic acid during recovery period

A

turns into pyruvic acid then back to aerobic metabolism and if needed glucose can be stored as glycogen

69
Q

where does the lactic acid recovery period occur

A

liver

70
Q

amount of oxygen needed to restore normal condition s

A

oxygen debt

71
Q

significance of heat produced with muscle contractions

A

increase activity- more heat is released and body temp climb; heat loss at skin increase to maintain homeostasis

72
Q

fast twitch fibers;

A

fast fibers

73
Q

white muscle fibers

A

fast fibers

74
Q

contract quickly and powerfully

A

fast fibers

75
Q

relatively few mito and less atp so fatigue more

A

fast fibers

76
Q

slow twitch fibers

A

slow fibers

77
Q

red muscle fibers

A

slow fibers

78
Q

extensive capillary network; much blood

A

slow fibers

79
Q

more oxygen in fibers

A

slow fibers

80
Q

made in muscle cells and combines with oxygen and stores it in muscle tissue

A

myoglobin

81
Q

location of myoglobin

A

muscle tissue; (muscle blood)

82
Q

stabilizes relative positions of cells so they can pull together efficiently
allow ions and small molecules to move from cell to cell- allows for a direct electrical connection between 2 muscle cells- action potential can move quickly from one cardiac muscle cell to another

A

function of intercalated discs

83
Q

location is in the wall of hollow organs

A

smooth muscle

84
Q

location is in the heart

A

cardiac muscle

85
Q

typical arrangement of smooth muscle layers

A

2- longitudinal and circular

86
Q

cells are bound together and contractions/impulses move from cell to cell in a wave

A

peristalsis

87
Q

involuntary contractions

A

smooth and cardiac muscle

88
Q

can undergo sustained contractions
peristalsis
con contract in response to hormones
slow to contract and slow to relax

A

smooth

89
Q

fascicles parallel to long axis of muscle

A

parallel muscles

90
Q

most skel muscles are this

A

parallel

91
Q

with contraction muscle shortens and gets larger in diameter

A

parallel

92
Q

ex of parallel

A

biceps branchii

93
Q

fibers spread out like a fan or a broad triangle with a tendon at the apex

A

convergent muscle

94
Q

stimulation of different portions of the muscle can change the direction of the pull

A

convergent

95
Q

ex of convergent

A

pectoralis muscles

96
Q

fascicles form a common angle with the tendon

A

pennate muscles

97
Q

fibers pull at an angle

A

pennate muscles

98
Q

ex of pennate muscle

A

deltoid

99
Q

sphincter

A

circular muscles

100
Q

fascicles are concentrically arranged around a opening

A

circular muscles

101
Q

ex of circular muscles

A

external anal sphincter

102
Q

immoveable/fixed end

A

origin

103
Q

moveable end

A

insertion

104
Q

prime mover; muscle responsible for most of movement

A

agonist

105
Q

muscle who’s action opposes agonist; responsible for movement in opposite direction

A

antagonist

106
Q

muscles that assist agonist; make agonist more efficient

A

synergist

107
Q 
location 
origin and insertion
fascicle organization 
relative position
structural characteristics
action
A

how muscles are descriptive

anatomy and physiology (10 decks)

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